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Italian Wine Scholar Unit 2 TB > Marche 2 > Flashcards

Marche 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The only Italian region reffered in plural form?

A

Le Marche

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2
Q

Describe le Marche

A

Quitessential central Italian landscape.

Isolated from major auto routs and largely untouched by development

Rolling hills and medieval villages overlooking Adriatic Sea

Long flat coast line

Known for truffles

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3
Q

Marchigiani

A

People of Marche

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4
Q

What was the original name for Marche

A

Marca a German word meaning border

Appeared in the Middle Ages

Was feudal territory ruled by a “machese (marquis)” forming borders between different kingdoms.

Modern-day the borders considered Holy Roman Empire in this part of central Italy

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5
Q

When did Marche acquire its current name

A

1815

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6
Q

When and who were the first people to inhabit Marche?

A

1,000 BC

Piceni tribe where their territory included Marche and Abruzzo

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7
Q

Who was the 2nd known tribe in Marche?

A

in 4th century BC

Senones (a Celtic-Gallic tribe) from NW Europe crossed the alps and settled in Romagna and northern Marche

Piceni only maintained control of the southern half

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8
Q

Who were the 3rd known settlers

A

Between 5th-4th c BC, Greeks from Siracusa founded Ankòn (Modern Acona) and promoted viticulture and wine production

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9
Q

What happened in 299BC?

A

Piceni allied with the Romans to defeat the Senones

Romans stayed and settled multiple colonies

Piceni had to submit to the Romans

Viticulture took off with Roman rule

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10
Q

What happened after the fall of the Roman empire?

A

Barbarian invastions happened

Viticulture collapsed and only survived the Middle Ages due to monks who improved on the Roman winemaking

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11
Q

What is a comuni?

A

Independent cities during the Middle Ages (e.g. Firenze)

These helped to restore viticulture after decline

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12
Q

What century did wine making become a feature of Marche?

A

14th century

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13
Q

When did Papal sovereignty become complete over Marche?

A

17th Century

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14
Q

Who is Andrea Bacci

A

Native of Matelica

Renaissance

Philosopher and naturalist and chief Doctor for Pope Sixtus V

Wrote: “De Naturali Vinorum Historia” - detailed description of viticulture and winemaking of the day. Best in class at the time

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15
Q

When did mezzadria** & **coltura promiscuaend in Marche

A

1960s & 1970s

Introduction of 1st DOC and outside investment began to modernize the wine industry

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16
Q

Who is Francesco Scacchi?

A

Doctor and Marche native

wrote “De Salubri Potu Dissertatio” in 1622

It provided instructions on how to obtain fizzy wines through re-fermentation in the bottle.

Considered the 1st example of Italian sparkling wines

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17
Q

Marche geological breakdown (hills, plains, mountains)

A

Marche is entirely composed of Hills and Mountains

200km from NW to SE

Completely lacks any substantive plains

31% Mountains

69% Hills

West is Central Apennines with peaks 2,000m

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18
Q

What is the highest peak in Marche

A

Monti Sibillini

SW corner of Marche in Apennines (one of the highest)

& highest in Marche

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19
Q

Where does Marche rank in hilliest regions of Italy?

A

2nd behind Umbria

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20
Q

Where are vineyards found in Marche?

A

30km wide band of hills that encompasses 2/3 of the entire region.

Majority of vineyards are here.

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21
Q

What isw il gomito d’Italia?

A

Elbow of Italy in Marche where the coast shifts from Ancona to Monte Cònero

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22
Q

Most important rivers in Marche

A

Foglia

Metauro

Misa

Esino

Potenza

Chienti

Aso

Tronto

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23
Q

What is the climate of Marche?

A

Mediterranean

Become more continental moving inland to Central Apennines

Mountains trump sea influence with altitude

Greater season and diurnal variations

Adds to success of white grapes

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24
Q

Marche Topograpghy

A

3 Diagonal bands all running 200km NW to SE

  1. Western Band (31% of territory) - Mountains - Central Apennines - 31% includes Monti Sibillini - SW corner is one of the highest over 2,000m

2. Middle Band - 20-30km wide: Hills - 69%

  1. Narrow Eastern Band - Coastline - very narrow and flat - sandy, gravely beaches - Monte Cònero provides stunning vistas - Monte Cònere near Ancona on the sea
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25
Q

What are the soils of Marche?

A

3 Different Groupings

  1. Inland, near Matelica & Serrapettrona - medium to high elevation - sandstone, marl and clay
  2. Closer Coast Hills (Pesaro & Urbino, Catelli di Jesi, Ancona, Macerata, Offida and Ascoli Picerno) - Calcareous Clay

3. Coastal Hills - Pesaro to San Benedetto del Tronto - Clay, Sandy-gravelly marine sediments

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26
Q

Marche Percentage of Red and White

A

50%+ red / 50%- white

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27
Q

Marche Grape Varieties

A

Sagiovese 21%

Montepulciano 19%

Verdicchio 13%

Biancame 6%

Trebbiano Toscano 4%

Passerina 4%

Malvasia Bianca Lunga 3%

Pecorino 3%

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28
Q

What are the 3 most widely planted grapes accounting for 50% of Marche production

A

Sagiovese, Montepulciano, Verdicchio

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29
Q

How much to Marche’s native grapes account for plantings?

A

Native grapes are over 27% for the majority of plantings in Marche (more than Sangiovese at 21%)

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30
Q

How common are International Varieties?

A

Play a minor role with only 5% plantings

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31
Q

Sangiovese & Montepulciano in Marche

A

Often in blends together

Sangiovese provides acidity and sour cherry

Montepulciano - more dominant in the south.

Blended typically Deep Ruby, Fruity, Red Cherry

Full Body, High Alcohol, Thick, Ripe Tannins

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32
Q

Lacrima di Morro d’Alba

A

Native to the town in Ancona province

Almost extinct in 20th c, but saved by Stefano Mancinelli

Dark Ruby with purple highlights

Intense perfume rose, violets, wild berries, spice

Refreshing acidity, Balances tannins

Can be used for passito

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33
Q

Vernaccia Nera

A

Some believe it is identical to Cannonau

Or native to Serraperrona (where it has limited planting)

Unrelated to V di San Gimignano of V di Oristano

Used for distinctive sparkling wines - dry and passito versions

Deep Color, RIch & Full Bodied

Red Flowers (Rose & Violet), Black Fruit

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34
Q

Who saved Lacrima from extinction?

A

Stefano Mancinelli

and the creation of Lacrima di Morro (1985)

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35
Q

Verdicchio

A

Marche’s most important grape and Italy’s noble variety

Identical to Trebbiano di Soave (Veneto) arriving in 15th c

Verde - Green referring to the skin color and wines

Floral and Citrus, Minneral, Almond finish

Well structured, High, Bracing Acidity, High ABV

Can age to complex with Flint and Kerosene

Affinity for oak but can be aged in neutral vessels

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36
Q

Passerina

A

Ancient white grape from central Adriatic coast

Marche boast largest area

Floral, Ripe Citrus, Tropical Fruit

High Acidity means it is suitable for sparkling or sweet passito

High yielding leading to names like

Pagadebito (pays the debts) Cacciodebit (chase the debts) Uva d’Oro - golden grape

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37
Q

Pecorino

A

Native to Tronto River near Monti Sibilini

Widely planted up to 19th c, 1980s Guido Cocci Grifoni brought back to life

Early ripening, Hardy grape, Modest and Irregular Yields

Performs well at high altitudes

Ripens with High Sugar balanced by High natural Acidity, M-H ABV

Herbal, CItrus, Mineral, Structured

Similar to SavBlanc

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38
Q

Describe Viticulture in Marche

A

1950s/60s started moving to modern vine growing trained in Doppio Capovolto & tendone

1980s - 2nd wave of regeneration - higher density and trained Guyot or Cordone Speronato (tendone has disappeared)

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39
Q

What is the % of organic wine (viticoltura biologica) making in Marche?

A

20% of vineyards are farmed organically

Represents 7% of Italy’s organic wine growing

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40
Q

What is Marche’s wine production?

A

17,000 ha

2% Italy

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41
Q

How many DOC & DOCG?
What is the production percentage for DOC/G and IGT?

A

DOC - 15

DOCG - 3

DOC/G - 35%

IGT - 30%

Bulk is rest without origin

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42
Q

What is the Istituto Marchigiano di Tutela Vini

A

IMT is an umbrella consorzio (1999)

Represents 16 appellations (4 DOCG) in Pesaro-Urbino, Ancoa & Macerata

For Northern & Central Marche (800+ winers and 45% of total area under vine & 90% of wine exports)

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43
Q

What are the Northern Marche Appellations

A

Bianchello del Metauro - White wine only (1969)

Pergola DOC - known for atypical wines and Roman gilded statues - local grape Aleatico Grape

Colli Pesaresi DOC - covers entire northern winegrowing Romagna to Ancona - local grape Albanella

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44
Q

What is the ancient and traditional Northern Marche wine specialty called?

A

Visciola using Vernaccia di Pergola or Montepulciano using VISCIOLE a local, wild cherry

45
Q

Describe Monte Cònero

A

aka Monte d’Acona - highest and most spectacular cliff on eastern seaboard

572m in altitude

1 of 2 most important promontories on Adriatic

46
Q

Cònero Riserva DOCG

Rosso Cònero DOC

A

Around Monte Cònero coastal, hilly includes Acona

Here is where Marche transitions from Sangiovese to Montepulcianothe

2 appellations exactly cover the same space

Montepulciano 85%+

DOC: 15% other red, no madatory ageing

DOCG: 15% max Sangiovese, 2 years Ageing

Seen as a Cru

47
Q

Lacrima di Morro DOC

A

Lacrima grape min 85%, Usually 100%

Some add small % of Montepulciano

Intensely aromatic, fresh fruity, Rose, Violet, Berry, Spice, Medium Body, Firm Tannins

Stainless Steel, unoaked

Superiore, Passito

Gentle, rolling hills, 25k from Adriatc around Morro d’Alba

Clay

48
Q

Who introduced the famous green Etruscan amphorae bottle for Verdicchio?

A

Fazi Battaglia in 1953

49
Q

How was Verdicchio traditionaly made prior to 1950s.

A

Made with skin contact resulting in textured, deeply pigmented, full body and oxidative wines with bitter finish.

50
Q

When did Castelli di Jesi achieve DOC status?

A

1969

51
Q

Who were Verdicchio producers in 1980s focused on quality?

A

Bocci

Garofoli

Sartarelli

Colonnara

Umani Ronchi

Lowered yields and crafted distinctive and long-lived Verdicchios.

52
Q

Describe the wine growing area of Castelli di Jesi

A

Extends eastward from the foothills of Central Apennines

NE is 16km from sea

Misa River in the North

Esino River in the South

Esino River Valley is the Classico area. Vineyards are 80-550m ASL, most found at 80-300m

53
Q

What are the climatic influences in Castelli di Jesi

A

Adriatic and Central Apennines

More Mediterranean in the NE closer to the sea

Becomes more continental inland as elevation increases

Grapes are picked earlier in warmer regions

54
Q

Who is Frederick II

A

Holy Roman Emperor during the Middle Ages

Granted Jesi with “special rights”

It grew in power and gained villages called castelli because of hilltop fortifications.

Today includes 22 villages, 20 in Ancona and 2 in Macerata

55
Q

Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi DOC

A

Min 85% Verdicchio (now mostly 100%)

With Malvasia Bianca Lunga &/or Trebbiano Toscano

Entry level wines to be consumed young

Leafy Green, Mineral, Almond finish

56
Q

Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi Classico Superiore DOC

A

Superiore can only be applied to classico sub-zone

Criteria - lower yield, higher ABV

Often single vineyards or parcels

More structured and Fuller Body

Unoaked with complexity as ageing

57
Q

Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi Passito DOC

A

Smallest production in this DOC

Balances richness with Noble Rot with bitterness of air-dried Verdichhio

58
Q

Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi Spumante DOC

A

Spumante is a minor category in DOC

Tank or Traditional method

59
Q

Castelli di Jesi Verdicchio Riserva DOCG

A

Stricter production rules

Higher ABV 12.5% v 11.5%

Lower max yields

18 months ageing / min 6m in bottle (Oak small or Botti)

Best grapes from single vineyard or parcel

Fuller, More textured, High Acidity, Minerality

With Age, Candied Fruit, Bread, Marzipan and Smoke

60
Q

Menzioni Geografiche Aggiuntive

A

MGAs or additional official geographical designations that can be listed on the labels of ceratin DOC or DOCG

61
Q

How many MGAs are associated with Verdichhio?

A

99 MGAs

62
Q

Describe Matelica

A

History: Matelic is an ancient town in Central Marche dates to the time of Piceni, Verdichhio started in 1579 here

Location: SW of Jesi and 20km from Umbria located in the Camertina Valley in the Central Apennines

Production: 300 ha under vine with same quality as Jesi

Topology: Hills are 250-700m elevation - vines planted 280-480m

Climate: uniform and differs from Jesi - higher altitude, cooler and more Continental, more rainfall, longer growing season and later harvest

Style: uniform growing conditions make uniform wines. Higher acidty and Citrus, Mineral than Jesi

63
Q

Verdicchio di Matelica DOC

A

Min 85% Verdicchio, often 100%

Cover exact same geographic area as Riserva

Blending permitted

Honey, Wheat Berry, Grain, Orange Peel, sometimes Petrol

Spumante, Passito, No superiore

64
Q

Verdicchio di Matelica Riserva DOC

A

Min 85% Verdicchio, often 100%, Blending permitted

Required - min 12.5% ABV, lower yield, 18 months

Honey, Wheat Berry, Grain, Orange Peel, sometimes Petrol

Cover exact same geographic area as DOC

65
Q

Describe Serrapetrona

A

Description: Tiny hilltop village at foothills of Apennines 50km from sea

Climate: Has cool, continental-influenced climate

Soil: Clay and Marl

66
Q

Vernaccia di Serrapetrona DOC

A

Min 85% Vernaccia Nera, 100% Vernaccia

10 months ageing

Still, Dry wines

Rich Full Body, Tannic, Well Structured

Some made from from dried grapes

67
Q

Vernaccia di Serrapetrona DOCG

A

Min 85% Vernaccia Nera, usually 100%

ONLY PRODUCES SPARKLING - One of smallest DOCG

Min 40% grapes dried grapes (appassimento)

Dry or Sweet

3 Fermentations

  1. Fresh grapes
  2. Semi Dried
  3. 1&2 blended then fermented usuallytank
68
Q

Describe Offida Winegrowing Area

A

Location: Southeastern Marche near Piceno about 25km from the Coast

Description: Ancient Village atop a rocky cliff between Tesino River and Tronto River

Soils: Clay except for coast which is sandy and gravel

Climate: Coast versus Island

69
Q

Offida Pecorino DOCG

A

Min 85% Pecorino, usually 100%

Considered Best of District

White, Floral, Citrus, Stone, Tropical Fruit with light Herbal

Structured, Mineral, Savory, High Acitiy, Medium - High ABV

70
Q

Offida Rosso DOCG

A

Min 85% Montepulciano

24 months / 12 months on oak / 3 months in bottle

Small (up to 15%) CabSav

Used to only require 50% Montepulciano and min 30% CabSav (2011) no longer mandatory

71
Q

Offida Passerina DOCG

A

Min 85% Passerina, usually 100%

White, Floral & Fruity, Pineapple, Ripe Citrus, Pear, Apple

Crisp Acidity, Pronounced Minerality

72
Q

Terre di Offida DOC

A

Min 85% Passerina

Only Spumante, Passito or Vin Santo

73
Q

Rosso Piceno DOC

A

Created 1968

Marche’s 2nd largest DOC in terms of volume

Flexible 35-85% Montepulciano, 15-50% Sangiovese, 15% other approved black grapes

Light Styles - more Sangiovese

Fuller - more Montepulciano

74
Q

Rosso Piceno Superiore DOC

A

Official subzone, considered best

Smaller / more restrictive zone / production eg lower yield, high

Cannot be released before Nov 1 year following harvest

Used to be Sangiovese focused but Disciplinaire switched to Montepulciano

75
Q

Marche IGT

A

Covers entire region, several high quality bottles are made varietal Montepulciano, Sangiovese and blends of traditional and international grapes

76
Q

Olive d’Acolana

A

A specialty of Ascoli Province in March

Olives stuffed with meat and parmesan, breaded and fried

77
Q

Why are the rivers important in Marche? Name the most important?

A

Perpendicular to the Ocean and channels sea breezes into the interior

Foglia, Metauro, Misa, Esino, Potenza, Chienti, Aso, Tronto

78
Q

What is the major difference between Cònero DOCG and DOC

A

DOCG - requires Montepulciano & Sangiovese

DOC - Only requires Montepulciano plus any approved red grape

79
Q

Who are the most famous wine producers in Castelli di Jesi?

A

Bucci

Garofoli

Sartarelli

Colonnara

Umani Ronchi

80
Q

What are the two rivers and foothills associated with Castelli di Jesi?

A

Misa & Esino Rivers

Central Apennines foothills

81
Q

Where is the historic growing area of Castelli di Jesi?

A

The Esino River Valley - now classico region

82
Q

Where is most classico Castelli di Jesi produced?

A

Almost all entirely south of Misa River where 2/3rds of the appellations.

2,000 ha under vine.

83
Q

Compare the 4 categories of Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi DOC?

A

DOC - entry level, fruity and floral

Classico Superiore - from classico sub-zone, stricter rules (lower yield/higher ABV), Quality, Structured Fuller Body, Unoaked, Can age

Passito DOC - smallest production, Best have Noble Rot + Air Dried

Spumante DOC - Minor Category, Tank or Traditional Method

Riserva DOCG - 12.5% ABV, 18month aged, 6 in bottle

84
Q

What is different about the di Jesi DOC versus DOCG?

A

Verdicchio name has a different placement in order to emphasize the importance of the DOCG

DOCG has the best grapes from single vineyards or superior parcels and required 18 months ageing often in oak including 6 months in bottle

85
Q

How was Verdicchio traditionally vinified?

A

Matured in either neutral large Botti or cement tanks.

Now more stainless some oak.

DOCG - oak (either botti of small barrel)

DOC - use stainless steel tanks

86
Q

How many MGAs in Casteli di Jesi DOC/DOCG

A

99 MGAs

87
Q

Who has a longer and later growing season for Verdicchio and why - Castelli di Jesi or Matelica?

A

Matelica is in higher elevations with more rainfall which requires a longer growing season and later harvest

88
Q

What is unique about Matelica’s climate and geography in relations to Verdicchio?

A

The climate is homogenous with a small number of producers which makes the wine style quite uniform.

Cooler climate with higher altitude means the wines have more acidity, citrus and minerality.

They are also more restrained and austere

89
Q

What DOCG is found between the Tesino & Tronto Rivers?

A

Offida DOCG

90
Q

What is Rosso Piceno Sangiovese?

A

Marche

A Varietal rosso under Rosso Peceno DOC

91
Q

What is the smallest production of the Verdicchio dei Casteli di Jesi DOCs?

A

VdCdJ Passito

92
Q

How many MGA are there in Matelica?

A

13 MGAs

93
Q

What are the only styles allowed for Terre di Offida DOC?

A

Only Spumante, Passito or Vino Santo

Using >85% Passerina

94
Q

What is the ancient Northern Marche specialty wine called using cherries and Vernacca di Pergola or Montepulciano?

A

Viscola

95
Q

What are the Central Apinnines refered to in Marche?

A

Appennino Umbro-Marchigiano

96
Q
A
97
Q

What provinces have the largest under vine and production volumes?

A

Ancona and Ascoli Piceno

98
Q

What Marche region only focuses on Reds?

A

Conero

99
Q

What is the highest cliff on the Italian peninsula?

A

Mt Conero

100
Q

What is the key difference between Rosso Conero and Conero Riserva?

A

Riserva requires Sangiovese (and oak ageing, restricted yields, higher ABV)

Rosso only requires any red grape

101
Q

What appellation does Castelli di Jesi in the overlap in its northeast and which town is part of the 22 villaged of CdJ?

A

Lacrima di Morro DOC

Morro d’Alba

102
Q

How much does Verdicchio Classico take up in CdJ?

A

Between Misa and Esino rivers

Makes up 2/3 of CdJ total area

103
Q

With 2000 ha under vine which is Marche’s largest DOC?

A

Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi DOC

104
Q

Where is Camertina Valley and what appellation is in it?

A

A valley between Central Apennines and sub-range to the east

Matelica

105
Q

What is Terre di Offida DOC based and what styles?

A

Passerina

Spumante

Passito

Vin Santo

106
Q

Before changing to DOCG what did Offida DOC require?

A

only 50% Montepulciano and required 30% CabSav (2011 was last vintage)

107
Q

What is the 2nd largest DOC in Marche? What does it produce and where?

A

Rosso Piceno

RED ONLY

Southern Marche on coast

108
Q

Highest peak in Apennines?

A

Mt Sibillini in March SW corner

2,000m

Italian Wine Scholar Unit 2 TB (49 decks)

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