male reproductive system Flashcards
What are the male and female gametes and where are they formed? Which one is motile?
gamete= sex cells
male= sperm, producued by testis
female= eggs, produced by ovaries
What are primary and secondary sex organs?
primary organs= produce gametes, gonads (ovaries and testis)
secondary sex organs= organs other than the
gonads that are necessary for reproduction
male secondary= ducts, glands penis
female secondary= ulterine tubes, uterus, vagina
What is the karyotype of a male and a female?
female= XX
male= XY
What is the cause for the androgen insensitivity syndrome?
androgen insensitivity syndrome= when a child with female appearnces but she cant menstruate and has testes in the abdomen and a XY karyotope, testes produce male testosterone levels but since there are no receptors for it the testosterone has no effect
What is puberty and adolescence? What are some secondary characteristics associated with
puberty or high blood testosterone levels
puberty= in boys period from the onset of pituitary gonadotropin secretion (ages 10 to 12) until the first ejaculation (around age 14)
in girls it starts at age 8 to 10
adolescence= the broader period, including puberty and until someone gets their full height
secondary characteristics in male= facial hair, visible hair on torso and limbs, muscular physique
secondary characterisitcs in female= distrubiton of body fat, elargement of breasts, hairless appearance of skin
The male reproductive organs develop from which structure of the developing embryo? How are
SRY and testosterone responsible for sex determination?
SRY (sex-determining region of the Y) codes for a protein called testis-determining factor (TDF) TDF interacts with genes that initiate the development of male anatomy
testosterone is secreted at 8 to 9 weeks
What structures are involvedd in the descent of the teses
descent of the testes begins as early as week 6,
– In seventh month, testes abruptly pass through the inguinal canal into
the scrotum
What is cryptorchidism? What is its treatment? What are the complications if left untreated?
cryptorchidism= boys born with undescended
testes
treatment= testosterone injection or simple surgery can draw
testes into the scrotum
complications= Uncorrected cases lead to sterility or testicular cancer
Where are testes located? Why must the testes be outside the abdominal cavity and which
muscles and plexus help in providing cooler environment for spermatogenesis?
The testes develop in the abdominal cavity and migrate into the pelvic cavity because they cant produce sperm at the body temp of 37 C. Spermatogenesis temp should be 35 C for sperm to be produced.
Cremaster muscle= when its cold the cremaer contracs and bring the testes closer to the body to keep them warm, when it is warm the testes are suspended farther from the body
Dartos muscle= also contracts when cold, scrotum becomes tight, the taughtness helps the testes snugly against the warm body and reducing the surface area of the scrotum which reduces heat loss
Pampiniform plexus= acts as a countercurrent heat exchanger so blood coming into the testes is 1.5 to 2.5 C cooler than the body temp
What are the functions of testes?
produce sex hormones and sperm by endocrine and exocrine glands
What is the function of the Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
secrete andorgens, mainly testosterone
What is the function of Sertoli Cells (sustentacular cells)?
also called nurse cell
=enfold and protect developing germ cells and promote the production of sperm
What protects the sperms from the immune attack?
blood-testis barrier= prevents antibodies and other large molecules from getting to the germ cells
Where are sperms formed and where do they mature?
sperm is formed in the testis
they mature in the epididymis
What is the path of sperms from seminiferous tubules to the urethra?
spermatic ducts go from the testis to the urethra, this includes the efferent ductules, duct of the epidiymis (site of sperm maturation and storage), ductus deferens (vasectomy occurs here) and the ejaculatory duct
What prepares the sperms to survive in the hypoxic environment?
large mitochondria
What organ is shared by the urinary and the reproductive system?
male urethra
What are the three accessary glands of the male reproductive system?
- seminal vesicles= forms 60% of semen, empties into ejaculatory duct
- prostate gland= thin milky secretion that produces 30% of semen, empty through 20 pores into the prostatic urethra
- Bulbourethral gland= during sexual arousal produces a clear slippery fluid that lubricates the head of the penis for sex, protects the sperm by neutralizing aciditiy
What are the diagnostic techniques for the prostate cancer?
prosate cancer can be detected by digital rectal examination and be diagnosed by elevated levels of serine protease
What is the hormonal regulation of puberty and adolescence?
Adolescence— rising levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Puberty= pituitary gonadotropins secretion leads to puberty, first menstrual period in girls or first ejaculation in boys
FSH and LSH stimulate what cells?
gonadotropic cells secretes FSH and LSH in the anterior pituitary
FSH= stimulate sustentactular cells to stimulae spermatogenesis
LH= stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
How are levels of FSH and LH regulated?
reguated by hormonal interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and gonads,
What is spermatogenesis? What is the function and location of spermatogonia?
spermatogenesis= process of sperm production
in the seminiferous tubules
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
mitosis= two genetically identical daughter cells
meiosis= production off egg and sperm, results in four daughter cells
What do we mean by haploid and diploid number of chromosomes?
haploid= daughter cells, 23 unpaired chromosones
diploid= parent cell, 46 chromosones in 23 pairs
How many chromosomes are there in a human primary spermatocyte and a sperm?
46 chromosomes in a human primary spermatocyte
23 chromosomes in sperm
What is found in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule?
What is the function of the head, mid-piece, and tail of sperm?
head= has the nucleus which contains haploid set of chromosomes
mid piece= produces ATP for flagellar movement
What is a vasectomy?
the surgical method of male conraception cutting the ductus deferens
What gland does the urethra pass through?
prostate gland
What is the semen composed of?
60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic fluid, 10% sperm
and spermatic duct secretions
What is the blood and nerve supply to the male reproductive system?
blood suppy= dorsal arteries, deep artery
nerve supply= dorsal nerves and internal pudendal nerves
What are the different stages of male sexual response?
excitement= is characterized by
vasocongestion (swelling of the genitals with
blood), myotonia (muscle tension), and increases in
heart rate, blood pressure, and pulmonary
ventilation
orgasm= short but intense reaction
that is usually marked by the discharge of semen
Resolution= discharge of the sympathetic nervous system
Which division of the ANS controls erection and ejaculation?
parasympthatic nerve for erection
sympathetic nerve for ejaculation
What is the normal number of sperms?
Normal sperm count 50 to 120 million/mL
What is hypospadias?
when the urethra opens on the base of the penis rather than at the tip, corrected surgically
Know the bacterial and viral STDs discussed in class. What measures would reduce the risk of
having them.
