Chapter 18

Question 1

What are the components of the circulatory system and the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

circulatory systme= heart, blood vessels, and blood
cardiovascular system= only the heart and vessels

Question 2

What is hematology?

Answer 2

hematology= study of blood

Question 3

What is % hematocrit?

Answer 3

Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume

Question 4

What are the various components of blood and what are their functions?

Answer 4

Transport= blood carries oyxgen from lungs throughout the body, picks up nutrients from digestive tract, carries metabolic waste to kidneys to be removed, carries hormones from endocrine cells, transports stem cells

Protection= plays role in inflamation, leukocytes destory microorganisms and cancer cells, antibodies and blood proteins help to destory pathogens, platelets secrete factors which start blood clotting

Regulation= absorbing fluid, buffering acids and bases,

Question 5

What is plasma and serum? What are the three plasma proteins and where are they
formed?

Answer 5

Plasma= a mixture of proteins, enzymes, nutrients,
wastes, and gases

Serum= fluid after clot formation

– albumins are most abundant plasma protein
– globulins (antibodies) provide immune system defenses
– fibrinogen is precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood
clots

All plasma proteins are formed by liver except bulins (by
plasma cells or mature B lymphocytes)

Question 6

What is hemopoiesis and where does it occur? What is the precursor cell for
hemopoiesis?

Answer 6

Hemopoiesis= blood cell production
Hemopoiesis occurs in first the yolk sac, then liver, and finally the red bone marrow
preursor cell = stemc cell

Question 7

What is erythropoiesis? What is the stimulating factor for erythropoiesis and which
organs produce it?

Answer 7

Erythropoiesis= erythrocyte production
Stimuli for erythropoiesis= stimulate by erythropoietin
Organs produce it= kidney and liver

Question 8

What are the stimuli for erythropoiesis?

Answer 8

low levels of atmospheric O2,
increase in exercise, hemorrhage

Question 9

What are the dietary requirements for erythropoiesis?

Answer 9

Iron is the key nutritional requirement for
erythropoiesis,
B12 & folic acid for rapid cell division
* Vitamin C & copper- cofactors for enzymes
required for synthesizing RBCs

Question 10

What is leukopoiesis and where does it occur? What is the stimulation factor for
leukopoiesis?

Answer 10

Leukopoiesis= production of white blood cells
Hemocytoblast stimulated by colony-stimulating
factors (CSFs)

Question 11

What is thrombopoiesis? What is the stimulation factor for thrombopoiesis and which
organs produce it?

Answer 11

thrombopoiesieis= Platelet production
Stimulation factor= produced by liver or kidney, thrombopoietin

Question 12

What is the function of hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase enzyme?

Answer 12

Oxygen transport, aids in transport of carbon dioxide and buffering of blood pH, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction CO2 + H20  H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Question 13

What are polycythemia and anemia?

Answer 13

Polycythemia= red blood cell excess
Anemia= red blood cell deficient

Question 14

What is the cause of sickle cell disease? What are the signs and symptoms of sickle
cell disease?

Answer 14

Caused by a recessive allele (both alleles are present) that changes the hemoglobin
Signs + symptoms=
intense pain, kidney and heart failure,
paralysis, and stroke

Question 15

What is the benefit of sickle cell hemoglobin?

Question 16

What is the basis of ABO and Rh blood types? What would happen in the different
transfusion mismatch scenarios? What is hemolytic disease of newborn? What is
RhoGam and what is its role?

Answer 16

ABO BLOOD TYPE
Your ABO blood type is determined by presence or
absence of antigens (agglutinogens) A & B on RBCs

O:
- RBC Antigen= Neither A nor B
-Pasma Antibody= Anti-A, Anti-B
-Recieve= Type O
-Donate= O,A,B,AB

A:
- RBC Antigen= A
-Plasma Antibody= Anti-B
-Recieve= O or A
-Donate= A or AB

B:
-RBC Antigen= B
-Plasma antibody= Anti-A
-Recieve= O or B
-Donate= B or AB

AB:
-RBC Antigen= A and B
-Plasma Antibody= neither
-Recieve= O, A, B, or AB
-Donate= AB

Rh Blood Type
RH blood group is determined by the presence or absence of D antigen on the surface of the red blood cell
Rh-positive (Rh+) if have the D antigen
Rh-negative (Rh-) if lacking D antigen
If the red blood cells have D agglutination it is Rh+ and if not Rh-

Hemolytic disease of newborn= Mother’s antibodies attack fetal blood causing severe anemia &
toxic brain syndrome from excessive bilirubin in the blood, treatment is phototherapy

RhoGAM= given to pregnant women to prevent antibody formation

Question 17

What is the main function of WBCs or leukocytes? What are the different types of
granulocytes?

Answer 17

leukocytes= protection against infections and other diseases

types of granulocytes (type of WBC)=
Neutrophilis= most abundant, destroy bacteria and release antimicrobial chemicas
Eosinophils= secrete chemicals that weaken/destroy large parasites like tapeoworms
Basophils= rarest, secrete two chemicals (histamine + heparin) that aid in the bodies defense process

Question 18

What are the different types of agranulocytes?

Answer 18

types of agranulocytes (type of WBC)=
Lymphocyte= abundant, destroy cells that have been infected with viruses, secrete chemicals to communicate with other WBCS
Monocyte= largest WBCS’s, more monocytes during inflammation and they transform to larger tissue cells called macrophages. Macrophages consume dead and dying host/foreing cells

Question 19

What is leucopenia, leukocytosis, leukemia?

Answer 19

leucopenia= low WBC count
leukocytosis= high WBC count
Leukemia= cancer of hemopoietic tissue

Question 20

What are the functions of platelets? What are thrombopoiesis, Thrombocytopenia,
Thrombocytosis, hemostasis? What are the steps in hemostasis?

Answer 20

platelets= react to bleeding from blood vessel creating a blood clot
thrombopoiesis= platelet production
thrombocytopenia= platelet deficient, platelet count below 100,000/mL
thrombocytosis= excess platelet production
hemostasis= control of bleeding
hemostasis steps= vascular spasm, platelet plug fomation, coagulation

Question 21

What are a thrombus and an embolus? What is Hemophilia?

Answer 21

thrombus= a clot that can constrit a small blood vessel if grown big enough
embolus= broken loose piece of thrombus, can block small arteries and block blood flow
hemophillia= genetic lack of any clotting factor affects
coagulation
* sex-linked recessive in males (inherit from
mother)

Question 22

Where is the heart located?

Answer 22

Heart is located inside a sac like structure called a pericardial sac in the mediastinum between the two lungs in the thoracic cavity

Question 23

What are the layers of the heart wall? What are the layers of the sac in which the heart
is located?

Answer 23

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

heart sac= pericardium, two layers, fibrous pericardium (outer)
serous pericardium (inner)

Question 24

What are the 4 chambers of heart? What are the names of the valves between the
chambers and in the large blood vessels?

Answer 24

4 chambers= 2 upper atria, 2 lower ventricle
bicuspid valve (left aV) and tricuspid (right AV)

Question 25

What are the major blood vessels and what is their role in blood circulation? Which
blood vessels supply blood to the cardiomyocytes? What causes Myocardial infarction
or heart attack?

Answer 25

superior vena cava and inferior cava

coronary arteries supply blood to the cardiomyocytes

heart attack is caused by long-term obstruction of coronary circulation, commonly blocked by a blood clot

Question 26

What is the pacemaker of the heart, and where is it located? What is the conduction
system (know all the components) of the heart and how does it work?

Answer 26

sinuatrial node

conduction system controls the rythm and pace of the heartbeat

following order of system

1. Sinauatrial node- SA node fires
2. excitation spreads through atrial myocardium
3. atrioventtricular node (AV)= AV node fires
4. atrioventricular bundle (AV)= excitation spreads down AV bundle
5. subendocardial conducting network= distributes excitation through ventricular myocardium

Question 27

What are chordae tendinease and what is their function?

Answer 27

“heart strings”,
function= connect papillary musles to tricuspid and mitral vales (biscuspid)

Question 28

What are the effects of the autonomic nervous system affects the heart?

Answer 28

the ANS system can increase heart rate when needed

Question 29

What do you understand by pulmonary and systemic circulation (draw with
deoxygenated and oxygenated blood)?

Answer 29

pulmonary circulation= right side of heart, oxygenates blood
Pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs to pick up oxygen and
return to heart

systemic circulation= left side of heart, Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body cells through the aorta and other
arteries

Question 30

How are pulmonary vein and artery different from the rest of the arteries and veins?