Chapter 7+8 Flashcards
What is osteology?
What is osseous tissue?
What is orthopedics?
Study of tissue
Bone
Branch of medicine for the treatment of skeletal deformities in children
What are the components of the skeletal system?
bones, cartilage, and ligaments
What is a ligament? Tendon?
Ligaments connect bones together
Tendons attach muscle to bone
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood formation
What are the different types of bones according to shape?
Long bone, short bone, flat bone, sesamoid bone, irregular bone
What are the two main types of bones based on general features?
Compact and spongy
Marrow cavity contains.
Articular cartilage?
Nutrient foramina are?
Trabeculae is?
Bone marrow
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface of a bone
minute holes where blood vessels penetrate
a thin layer of tissue that subdivide a gland which is found in spongy bone
What is the role of organic and inorganic compounds?
Combined they provide strength and resilience; dry weight is 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganics
-makes up the matrix
What are the two types of bone marrow?
Red bone marrow (axial region) which produces red blood cells
Yellow bone marrow (appendicular region) fatty marrow of long bones
What is ossification?
formation of the bone
What type of ossification occurs in flat skull bones? Steps?
Intramembranous ossification (flat + irregular)
Steps-
1. Condensation of mesenchyme
2. Deposition of osteoid tissue by osteoblasts
3. Creation of spongy bone
4. Converting sponge bone to compact bone
What type of ossification occurs in long bones? Steps?
Endochondral Ossification (long +short)
Steps
1. early cartilage model
2. formation of a primary ossification center
3. vascular invasion, more formations
4. bone at birth
5. bone of a child
6. adult bone
What are the zones for bone growth? (5)
Zone of reserve cartilage
Zone of cell proliferation
Zone of cell hypertrophy
Zone of calcification
Zone of bone deposition
What type of bone growth results in the elongation of bone?
bone increase in length is interstitial growth
In width is appositional growth
What is wolfs law?
How does Wolf’s law effect the architecture of bone during growth remodeling?
That the architecture of bone is determined by mechanical stresses
If the bone is barely used osteoclasts reduce unnecessary mass
If the bone is heavily used osteoblast thickens/adds more mass
What is the difference of achondroplastic and pituitary dwarfism?
Achondroplastic dwarfism (long bones stop growing in childhood)
Failure of cartilage growth in
metaphysis
– () Spontaneous mutation
produces mutant dominant
allele
Pituitary dwarfism
- () Lack of growth hormone
-Normal proportions short stature
What is osteonectin?
What is the role of osteoclasts in mineralization of the bone?
A protein that is secreted/attached as a seed point along collagen fibers
Osteoclasts produce collagen fibers in bone mineralization and cause bone dissolved and minerals to be released into the blood
How do dental braces work?
Dental braces reposition teeth and remodel bone due to osteoclasts dissolving the bone and osteoblast depositing the bone (from pressure)
What is hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia?
Hypocalcemia- calcium deficiency
Hypercalcemia= excess calcium
What is the role of calcitriol, calcitonin, and PTH in regulation of blood calcium levels?
Calcium phosphate homeostasis depends on calcitriol, calcitonin, and PTH hormones
They are all hormones that regulate calcium levels in the blood
What are the various causes for bone fracture?
Stress fractures- falls, athletics, military
Pathological fractures- bone cancer, osteoporosis
What are the different stages of healing a fracture?
- Hematoma formation (hours)
- Soft callus formation (days)
- Hard callus formation (6 weeks)
- bone remodeling (3-4 months)
Homeostatic imbalances causes + treatments?
Rickets- bones of children are
inadequately mineralized
causing softened, weakened
bones, Caused by insufficient
calcium in the diet
Osteomalacia- Bones are inadequately
mineralized causing
softened, weakened bones, Caused by insufficient
calcium in the diet
Osteoporosis- Group of diseases in which bone reabsorption
outpaces bone deposit, Spongy bone of the spine is the most vulnerable, treatment is Calcium and vitamin D supplements, Increased weight bearing exercise, Hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT)
Paget’s disease- Characterized by excessive bone formation and
breakdown, unknown cause,
How many bones are at birth and how many in an adult?
270 at birth and 206 in adult
What are fontanelles?
space of soft tissue between unfused cranial bones
What happens during increased intracranial pressure and during dehydration?
Intracranial pressure= bulging fontanelles
Dehydration= depressed fontanelles
*How many vertebrae in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions
Breakfast at 7, Lunch at 12, and Dinner at 5
Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
How many vertebrae fuses to form the sacrum + coccyx
5
*What are true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs?
How many ribs are in each?
True ribs (1-7) are connected to their own coastal cartilages to sternum
False ribs (8-12) lack their own connected cartilages
Floating (11-12) no cartilage attached, not connected to other ribs
Why do knees flex anteriorly and elbows flex posteriorly?
Due to rotation in limbs in the 7th week of embryonic development
