Chapter 7+8

Question 1

What is osteology?
What is osseous tissue?
What is orthopedics?

Answer 1

Study of tissue
Bone
Branch of medicine for the treatment of skeletal deformities in children

Question 2

What are the components of the skeletal system?

Answer 2

bones, cartilage, and ligaments

Question 3

What is a ligament? Tendon?

Answer 3

Ligaments connect bones together
Tendons attach muscle to bone

Question 4

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 4

Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood formation

Question 5

What are the different types of bones according to shape?

Answer 5

Long bone, short bone, flat bone, sesamoid bone, irregular bone

Question 6

What are the two main types of bones based on general features?

Answer 6

Compact and spongy

Question 7

Marrow cavity contains.
Articular cartilage?

Nutrient foramina are?
Trabeculae is?

Answer 7

Bone marrow
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface of a bone
minute holes where blood vessels penetrate
a thin layer of tissue that subdivide a gland which is found in spongy bone

Question 8

What is the role of organic and inorganic compounds?

Answer 8

Combined they provide strength and resilience; dry weight is 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganics
-makes up the matrix

Question 9

What are the two types of bone marrow?

Answer 9

Red bone marrow (axial region) which produces red blood cells
Yellow bone marrow (appendicular region) fatty marrow of long bones

Question 10

What is ossification?

Answer 10

formation of the bone

Question 11

What type of ossification occurs in flat skull bones? Steps?

Answer 11

Intramembranous ossification (flat + irregular)
Steps-
1. Condensation of mesenchyme
2. Deposition of osteoid tissue by osteoblasts
3. Creation of spongy bone
4. Converting sponge bone to compact bone

Question 12

What type of ossification occurs in long bones? Steps?

Answer 12

Endochondral Ossification (long +short)
Steps
1. early cartilage model
2. formation of a primary ossification center
3. vascular invasion, more formations
4. bone at birth
5. bone of a child
6. adult bone

Question 13

What are the zones for bone growth? (5)

Answer 13

Zone of reserve cartilage
Zone of cell proliferation
Zone of cell hypertrophy
Zone of calcification
Zone of bone deposition

Question 14

What type of bone growth results in the elongation of bone?

Answer 14

bone increase in length is interstitial growth
In width is appositional growth

Question 15

What is wolfs law?
How does Wolf’s law effect the architecture of bone during growth remodeling?

Answer 15

That the architecture of bone is determined by mechanical stresses
If the bone is barely used osteoclasts reduce unnecessary mass
If the bone is heavily used osteoblast thickens/adds more mass

Question 16

What is the difference of achondroplastic and pituitary dwarfism?

Answer 16

Achondroplastic dwarfism (long bones stop growing in childhood)
Failure of cartilage growth in
metaphysis
– () Spontaneous mutation
produces mutant dominant
allele
Pituitary dwarfism
- () Lack of growth hormone
-Normal proportions short stature

Question 17

What is osteonectin?
What is the role of osteoclasts in mineralization of the bone?

Answer 17

A protein that is secreted/attached as a seed point along collagen fibers
Osteoclasts produce collagen fibers in bone mineralization and cause bone dissolved and minerals to be released into the blood

Question 18

How do dental braces work?

Answer 18

Dental braces reposition teeth and remodel bone due to osteoclasts dissolving the bone and osteoblast depositing the bone (from pressure)

Question 19

What is hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia?

Answer 19

Hypocalcemia- calcium deficiency
Hypercalcemia= excess calcium

Question 20

What is the role of calcitriol, calcitonin, and PTH in regulation of blood calcium levels?

Answer 20

Calcium phosphate homeostasis depends on calcitriol, calcitonin, and PTH hormones

They are all hormones that regulate calcium levels in the blood

Question 21

What are the various causes for bone fracture?

Answer 21

Stress fractures- falls, athletics, military
Pathological fractures- bone cancer, osteoporosis

Question 22

What are the different stages of healing a fracture?

Answer 22

1. Hematoma formation (hours)
2. Soft callus formation (days)
3. Hard callus formation (6 weeks)
4. bone remodeling (3-4 months)

Question 23

Homeostatic imbalances causes + treatments?

Answer 23

Rickets- bones of children are
inadequately mineralized
causing softened, weakened
bones, Caused by insufficient
calcium in the diet
Osteomalacia- Bones are inadequately
mineralized causing
softened, weakened bones, Caused by insufficient
calcium in the diet
Osteoporosis- Group of diseases in which bone reabsorption
outpaces bone deposit, Spongy bone of the spine is the most vulnerable, treatment is Calcium and vitamin D supplements, Increased weight bearing exercise, Hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT)
Paget’s disease- Characterized by excessive bone formation and
breakdown, unknown cause,

Question 24

How many bones are at birth and how many in an adult?

Answer 24

270 at birth and 206 in adult

Question 25

What are fontanelles?

Answer 25

space of soft tissue between unfused cranial bones

Question 26

What happens during increased intracranial pressure and during dehydration?

Answer 26

Intracranial pressure= bulging fontanelles
Dehydration= depressed fontanelles

Question 27

*How many vertebrae in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions

Answer 27

Breakfast at 7, Lunch at 12, and Dinner at 5
Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5

Question 28

How many vertebrae fuses to form the sacrum + coccyx

Answer 28

5

Question 29

*What are true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs?
How many ribs are in each?

Answer 29

True ribs (1-7) are connected to their own coastal cartilages to sternum
False ribs (8-12) lack their own connected cartilages
Floating (11-12) no cartilage attached, not connected to other ribs

Question 30

Why do knees flex anteriorly and elbows flex posteriorly?

Answer 30

Due to rotation in limbs in the 7th week of embryonic development