Chapter 9

Question 1

What is Arthrology & Kinesiology?

Answer 1

Arthrology is the science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction
Kinesiology is the study of musculoskeletal movement

Question 2

What is articulation?

Answer 2

Articulation (Joint) is the site where two or more bones meet

Question 3

What are the week points in the
skeletal system?

Answer 3

The weakest points in the skeletal system are the joints

Question 4

What are the functions of joints?

Answer 4

• Hold the skeleton together
• Gives mobility to the skeleton

Question 5

What are the basis for joint clasification?

Answer 5

Joints are classified on the basis of their structural components and the range of motion

Question 6

On the structural and mobility range what are the
various types of joints?

Answer 6

Bony joint, Fibrous joint, Cartilaginous joints, synovial joints,

Question 7

What are the different types of fibrous joints?

Answer 7

-Sutures
-Gomphoses
-Syndesmoses

Question 8

What type of joint are the sutures between the skull bones?

Answer 8

Fibrous joints

Question 9

What are the different types of
sutures?

Answer 9

Serrate Suture
-Lap Suture
-Plane suture

Question 10

What type of joint is the tooth in its cavity?

Answer 10

Gomphosis

Question 11

What types of joint is between the bones of the
forearm and the leg?

Answer 11

Syndesmosis

Question 12

What type of joint is synchonderosis and where would you find it?

Answer 12

Cartilaginous Joint that can be found in epiphyseal plate and the first rib attachment to sternum

Question 13

What type of joint is symphysis and where would you find it?

Answer 13

Cartilaginous joint that can be found in pubic symphysis and bodies of vertebrae

Question 14

What type of joints are synovial joints?
What are the general features of the synovial joint?

Answer 14

Elbows, Knees, and Knuckles are all synovial joints
General features include the two bones covered in articular cartilage; a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid, joint cavities that sperate articular surfaces, and joint (articular) capsule which is connective tissue that encloses the cavity

Question 15

What term is used for freely mobile joints?
What is articular cartilage, periosteum, ligament,
, synovial membrane, bursae, tendon sheath, meniscus?

Answer 15

Diarthrosis
Articular cartilage is the layer of hyaline cartilage on the end of the bones that allows for smooth movement
Periosteum is a layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the surface of a bone
Ligament attaches bone to bone
Synovial membrane is the inner lining of the joint capsule that produces synovial fluid
Bursae is a fibrous sac of synovial fluid located between adjacent muscles
Tendon sheaths are elongated bursae that wrap around a tendon
Meniscus is two cartilages in the knee that extend inward from left and right but don’t cross the joint completely

Question 16

What factors are responsible for stability and flexibility at the joint?

Answer 16

Structure of the articular surfaces, strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules, and action of the muscles and tendons

Question 17

What do we mean by uniaxial, biaxial and multiaxial range of motion?

Answer 17

Multiaxal joint (shoulder) has three degrees of freedom
Monoxial and biaxial have one or two degrees of freedom

Question 18

What are the different types of synovial joints? Give examples for each type.

Answer 18

Ball-and-socket joints (hip +shoulder)
Condylar joints (radiocarpal joint of the wrist)
Saddle joints (sternoclavicular joint)
Biaxial joint (opposable thumb)
Plane joint (carpal bone of wrist)
Hinge joint (knee +elbow)
Pivot joints (atlantoaxial joint+ C1 C2)

Question 19

What are the common type of injuries at the knee joint? How are they treated?

Answer 19

Meniscus ACL
arthroscopy

Question 20

What are the common problems at TMJ and shoulder joint?

Answer 20

dislocation

Question 21

What is the definition of the following? Supination, Pronation; Flexion, Extension; Lateral
rotation, Medial rotation; Abduction, Adduction; Circumduction; Opposition of Thumb;
Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion; Inversion, Eversion.

Answer 21

Supination- palms facing up
Pronation- palms facing down
Flexion- decreasing the angle at the joint
Extension- increasing the angle at the joint
Lateral rotation- external rotation
Medial rotation- internal rotation
Abduction- moving away from the midline
Adduction- moving back towards the midline
Circumduction- circular movement at the joint
The opposition of the thumb is touching the thumb to the fingers
Dorsiflexion is pointing up at the foot
Plantar flexion is pointing down the foot
Inversion is pointing soles inward
Eversion is pointing soles outward

Question 22

What is arthritis? What are the two types of arthritis?

Answer 22

Arthritis refers to inflammation and pain of a joint
Osteoarthritis- the typical “wear and tear” arthritis which happens in older people
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune attack on the joint tissues

Question 23

Cause + Treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 23

Osteoarthritis- caused by wear and tear of the joints over time, treatment is arthroplasty or anti-inflammatories
Rheumatoid arthritis- caused by an autoimmune attack on joint tissues, treatment is arthroplasty, anti-inflammatories and steroids