female reproductive system Flashcards
Know the basic anatomy of the female reproductive system and the blood supply to the uterus and
ovary
ovarian artery
ovarian branch of the uterine artery
The phases of ovarian and the menstrual cycle and what happens during each phase?
ovarian cycle
1. follicular phase= goes from the beginning of menstruation until ovulation, day 1 to 14,
2. ovulation= release of a mature oocyte by the bursting of an ovarian follicle
3. Luteal phase= days 15 to 28, after ovulation to the onset of menstruation
What are the hormonal regulation of puberty and the three phases of puberty in females?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) rises and stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LSH)
phases of puberty
thelarche= onset of breast development is the
earliest noticeable sign of puberty
pubarche= appearance of pubic and axillary hair,
sebaceous glands, and axillary glands
menarche= first menstrual period, requires 17% body fat in teen, 22% in adult
How would you distinguish each, histologically: primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary
follicle, and Graafian follicle?
primordial follicle= consists of the primary oocyte in early meiosis, forming in the 6-9th month of gestation, recruitment (290-day march to maturity) occurs in primordial follicles
primary follicle= 140 days into the cycle,
secondary follicle= 170 days into the cycle, distinguished by follicular cells that have multiplied and piled atop each other now called granulosa cells
Graafian follicle (tertiary)= 60 days before ovulation, granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid
What is the process that occurs in the ovaries of females that results in the formation of mature
oocyte?
ovulation= release of a mature oocyte by the bursting of an ovarian follicle
What are the female sex cells? Describe the timing of meiosis in the lifetime of an oocyte.
Where is it arrested? What stage of meiosis is the oocyte in when it is ovulated? Is the ovulated
oocyte haploid or diploid? What happens after fertilization? Where does fertilization usually
take place?
egg
Meiosis I= completed on day of ovulation and produces two daughter cells, called the secondary oocyte and first polar body
Oocytes are arrested during Meiosis I
The ovulated oocyte is haploid
fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes
What hormones stimulate follicular development? Ovulation? Where do they originate
FSH stimulates follicular development
LH stimualtes ovulation
What is a corpus luteum? What is formed after the corpus luteum involutes?
the remainder of the follicle after ovulation
corpus albicans
What are the names of the tube that connects to the uterus and receives the egg from the
ovaries (also know its various parts)?
fallopian tubes
What are the different parts of uterus and layers of the uterine wall?
uterus= harbor fetus, nourish it, and expel fetus at the end of development
Which ligaments support ovaries and uterus?
suspensory ligament
ovarian ligament
mesovarium ligament + broad ligament
Define the changes in the endometrium with the cycle. Which layer is shed during
menstruation?
endometrium= innermost layer of the mucosa of the uterine wall, when pregnancy occurs its the site of attachment for the embryo and forms the maternal part of the placenta
the functional layer of the endometrium is shed during menstruation
Why is the secretory activity of cervix important? What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?
cervical cancer risk factors= women who smoke, who began sexual activity at an early age, histories of STD’s
Define the layers of the wall of the vagina.
outer adventitia
middle muscularis
inner mucosa
Know the events that follow ovulation. What stage is the embryo at the time of implantation?
ovulation= release of a mature oocyte by the bursting of an ovarian follicle, mature egg released from the ovary
after ovulation is the luteal phase and the follicle becomes corpus luteum
How many chromosomes are in the gametes? What is fertilization? Where does fertilization
occur?
23 chromosomes, 23 pairs of 2 = 46
fertilizaiton= combines the haploid (n) set of sperm
chromosomes with the haploid set of egg
chromosomes producing a diploid (2n) set in the
zygote
What combination of sex chromosomes does a female possess?
XX
What develops to support the developing embryo and fetus?
placenta= attached to fetus by way of umbilical cord, fetuses source of oxygen and nutrients
If a zygote does not implant in the uterine wall, what type of pregnancy has occurred?
ectopic pregnancy= when the blastocyte implants somewhere other than the uterus
What are the other locations of implantation?
implantation= process of attachment, blastocyte attaches to endometrium of uterus usually on the fundus or posterior wall of uterus
What hormone is produced during the first 70 days of pregnancy and is commonly called the
hormone of pregnancy?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Which hormone relaxes smooth muscle and prevents contractions of the uterus?
Progesterone
Which hormone causes milk to be produced?
High levels of estrogen allow for milk to be produced,. growth hormone, insulin, glucocorticoids, and prolactin also contribute
Which hormone causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics?
estradiol
Which hormone causes the uterine lining to develop to prepare for zygote implantation?
Progesterone. It only has an effect unless estrogen has been there earlier, this an example of a permissive effect
What is the name of the inner lining of the uterus?
endometrium
What are the folds of tissue that surround the opening of the vagina?
labia minora
What is the area above the genitalia called?
mons pubis
What gland lubricates the vagina during arousal?
greater vestibular gland
What gland produces milk? What is the dark area around the nipple called? What are the risk factors for breast cancer?
mammary gland
areola
being female, age,
What do you call the first menstrual period? What do you call the last menstrual period?
Menarche
Menopause
Which two hormones affect follicle development? What is another term for release of a
matured ovum?
Follicle stimulating factor (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
ovulation
What are the three pre-embryonic stages?
Cleavage= 30-72 hours after fertilization, mitotic division into smaller, identical blastomeres
Implantation= 6 days after ovulation, the attachment of a conceptus to the endometrium of the uterus
Embryogenesis= arrangement of the blastomeres into three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).
What is the three month periods of pregnancy called? Which weeks are considered during each
period?
Trimesters
first trimester= 1-12 weeks
second trimester= 13-28 weeks
third trimester= 29-40 weeks
Which hormone secreted by posterior pituitary is linked with child birth?
oxytocin
What do you practice if you are trying to avoid a pregnancy?
Use contraceptives
What are the different contraceptive methods for preventing a pregnancy?
male condom, female condom, contraceptive jelly, birth control pills, contraceptive foams, vaginal ring, IUD
What is the importance of corpus luteum during pregnancy?
secretes progesterone and estrogen
What is the difference between dizygotic and monozygotic twins?
monozygotic= identical, develop from one zygote
dizygotic= non-identical, develop from two seperate zygotes
What does umbilical cord contain?
contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein
Define: embryology, developmental biology, conceptus, neonate, Braxton Hicks contractions,
Parturition.
embryology= study of prenatal development
developmental biology= broader science that embraces change in form and function from fertilized egg through old age.
conceptus= all products of conception. Includes terms fertilized egg, embryonic membranes, placenta, and umbilical cord
neonate= newborn infant up to 4 weeks old
Braxton Hicks Contraceptions= tightening in adomen in preparation for giving birth. These tone muscles in uterus to strengthen it
Parturition= process of giving birth
