female reproductive system

Question 1

Know the basic anatomy of the female reproductive system and the blood supply to the uterus and
ovary

Answer 1

ovarian artery
ovarian branch of the uterine artery

Question 2

The phases of ovarian and the menstrual cycle and what happens during each phase?

Answer 2

ovarian cycle
1. follicular phase= goes from the beginning of menstruation until ovulation, day 1 to 14,
2. ovulation= release of a mature oocyte by the bursting of an ovarian follicle
3. Luteal phase= days 15 to 28, after ovulation to the onset of menstruation

Question 3

What are the hormonal regulation of puberty and the three phases of puberty in females?

Answer 3

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) rises and stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LSH)

phases of puberty
thelarche= onset of breast development is the
earliest noticeable sign of puberty
pubarche= appearance of pubic and axillary hair,
sebaceous glands, and axillary glands
menarche= first menstrual period, requires 17% body fat in teen, 22% in adult

Question 4

How would you distinguish each, histologically: primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary
follicle, and Graafian follicle?

Answer 4

primordial follicle= consists of the primary oocyte in early meiosis, forming in the 6-9th month of gestation, recruitment (290-day march to maturity) occurs in primordial follicles

primary follicle= 140 days into the cycle,

secondary follicle= 170 days into the cycle, distinguished by follicular cells that have multiplied and piled atop each other now called granulosa cells

Graafian follicle (tertiary)= 60 days before ovulation, granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid

Question 5

What is the process that occurs in the ovaries of females that results in the formation of mature
oocyte?

Answer 5

ovulation= release of a mature oocyte by the bursting of an ovarian follicle

Question 6

What are the female sex cells? Describe the timing of meiosis in the lifetime of an oocyte.
Where is it arrested? What stage of meiosis is the oocyte in when it is ovulated? Is the ovulated
oocyte haploid or diploid? What happens after fertilization? Where does fertilization usually
take place?

Answer 6

egg
Meiosis I= completed on day of ovulation and produces two daughter cells, called the secondary oocyte and first polar body
Oocytes are arrested during Meiosis I
The ovulated oocyte is haploid
fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes

Question 7

What hormones stimulate follicular development? Ovulation? Where do they originate

Answer 7

FSH stimulates follicular development
LH stimualtes ovulation

Question 8

What is a corpus luteum? What is formed after the corpus luteum involutes?

Answer 8

the remainder of the follicle after ovulation
corpus albicans

Question 9

What are the names of the tube that connects to the uterus and receives the egg from the
ovaries (also know its various parts)?

Answer 9

fallopian tubes

Question 10

What are the different parts of uterus and layers of the uterine wall?

Answer 10

uterus= harbor fetus, nourish it, and expel fetus at the end of development

Question 11

Which ligaments support ovaries and uterus?

Answer 11

suspensory ligament
ovarian ligament
mesovarium ligament + broad ligament

Question 12

Define the changes in the endometrium with the cycle. Which layer is shed during
menstruation?

Answer 12

endometrium= innermost layer of the mucosa of the uterine wall, when pregnancy occurs its the site of attachment for the embryo and forms the maternal part of the placenta
the functional layer of the endometrium is shed during menstruation

Question 13

Why is the secretory activity of cervix important? What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?

Answer 13

cervical cancer risk factors= women who smoke, who began sexual activity at an early age, histories of STD’s

Question 14

Define the layers of the wall of the vagina.

Answer 14

outer adventitia
middle muscularis
inner mucosa

Question 15

Know the events that follow ovulation. What stage is the embryo at the time of implantation?

Answer 15

ovulation= release of a mature oocyte by the bursting of an ovarian follicle, mature egg released from the ovary

after ovulation is the luteal phase and the follicle becomes corpus luteum

Question 16

How many chromosomes are in the gametes? What is fertilization? Where does fertilization
occur?

Answer 16

23 chromosomes, 23 pairs of 2 = 46
fertilizaiton= combines the haploid (n) set of sperm
chromosomes with the haploid set of egg
chromosomes producing a diploid (2n) set in the
zygote

Question 17

What combination of sex chromosomes does a female possess?

Answer 17

XX

Question 18

What develops to support the developing embryo and fetus?

Answer 18

placenta= attached to fetus by way of umbilical cord, fetuses source of oxygen and nutrients

Question 19

If a zygote does not implant in the uterine wall, what type of pregnancy has occurred?

Answer 19

ectopic pregnancy= when the blastocyte implants somewhere other than the uterus

Question 20

What are the other locations of implantation?

Answer 20

implantation= process of attachment, blastocyte attaches to endometrium of uterus usually on the fundus or posterior wall of uterus

Question 21

What hormone is produced during the first 70 days of pregnancy and is commonly called the
hormone of pregnancy?

Answer 21

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

Question 22

Which hormone relaxes smooth muscle and prevents contractions of the uterus?

Answer 22

Progesterone

Question 23

Which hormone causes milk to be produced?

Answer 23

High levels of estrogen allow for milk to be produced,. growth hormone, insulin, glucocorticoids, and prolactin also contribute

Question 24

Which hormone causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics?

Answer 24

estradiol

Question 25

Which hormone causes the uterine lining to develop to prepare for zygote implantation?

Answer 25

Progesterone. It only has an effect unless estrogen has been there earlier, this an example of a permissive effect

Question 26

What is the name of the inner lining of the uterus?

Answer 26

endometrium

Question 27

What are the folds of tissue that surround the opening of the vagina?

Answer 27

labia minora

Question 28

What is the area above the genitalia called?

Answer 28

mons pubis

Question 29

What gland lubricates the vagina during arousal?

Answer 29

greater vestibular gland

Question 30

What gland produces milk? What is the dark area around the nipple called? What are the risk factors for breast cancer?

Answer 30

mammary gland
areola
being female, age,

Question 31

What do you call the first menstrual period? What do you call the last menstrual period?

Answer 31

Menarche
Menopause

Question 32

Which two hormones affect follicle development? What is another term for release of a
matured ovum?

Answer 32

Follicle stimulating factor (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
ovulation

Question 33

What are the three pre-embryonic stages?

Answer 33

Cleavage= 30-72 hours after fertilization, mitotic division into smaller, identical blastomeres
Implantation= 6 days after ovulation, the attachment of a conceptus to the endometrium of the uterus
Embryogenesis= arrangement of the blastomeres into three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).

Question 34

What is the three month periods of pregnancy called? Which weeks are considered during each
period?

Answer 34

Trimesters
first trimester= 1-12 weeks
second trimester= 13-28 weeks
third trimester= 29-40 weeks

Question 35

Which hormone secreted by posterior pituitary is linked with child birth?

Answer 35

oxytocin

Question 36

What do you practice if you are trying to avoid a pregnancy?

Answer 36

Use contraceptives

Question 37

What are the different contraceptive methods for preventing a pregnancy?

Answer 37

male condom, female condom, contraceptive jelly, birth control pills, contraceptive foams, vaginal ring, IUD

Question 38

What is the importance of corpus luteum during pregnancy?

Answer 38

secretes progesterone and estrogen

Question 39

What is the difference between dizygotic and monozygotic twins?

Answer 39

monozygotic= identical, develop from one zygote
dizygotic= non-identical, develop from two seperate zygotes

Question 40

What does umbilical cord contain?

Answer 40

contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein

Question 41

Define: embryology, developmental biology, conceptus, neonate, Braxton Hicks contractions,
Parturition.

Answer 41

embryology= study of prenatal development
developmental biology= broader science that embraces change in form and function from fertilized egg through old age.
conceptus= all products of conception. Includes terms fertilized egg, embryonic membranes, placenta, and umbilical cord
neonate= newborn infant up to 4 weeks old
Braxton Hicks Contraceptions= tightening in adomen in preparation for giving birth. These tone muscles in uterus to strengthen it
Parturition= process of giving birth