endocrine system Flashcards
Know the following: endocrine system, endocrinology, endocrinologist, hormones,
paracrine, Neuroendocrine, target cells/tissue.
endocrine system= glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones
hormones= chemical messengers that stimulate physiological responses in cells
paracrine= secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells
neurotransmitter= released from neurons to travel across synaptic clef to another cell
target cell= cell acted upon
What are the main differences between the exocrine and endocrine glands? Give example of
organs with both endocrine and exocrine function
exocrine glands= have ducts, extracellular effects
endocrine= no ductd, intracellular effects
liver + pancreas have both
What are the main differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
nervous system effeerent nerve fiber is specific with what it’s doing
hormones have more a widespreads effects for endocrine system
Know the full names for the following hormones (TRH, ADH, FSH, LH, GH, OT, TSH,
PTH)
TRH= thyrotropin-releasing hormone
ADH=Antidiuretic hormone
FSH=follicle-stimulating hormone
LH=Luteinizing hormone
GH=growht hormone
OT= oxytocin
TSH=thyroid stimulatin hormone
PTH=parathyroid hormone
Know the positive and negative feedback mechanism of hormone production (negative by
the thyroid and positive by the oxytocin during child birth)
positive feedback= labor + oxytocin
negative feedback= thyroid gland
Which gland is part of the endocrine, lymphatic and immune system and why?
thymus= helps with immune defenses, secretes hormoens, and stimulates development of lymphatic organs
When are calcitonin and PTH released and how do these function to bring the blood calcium
levels to normal
calcitonin= released when calcium in blood is high
PTH= when blood calciums are too low
Why is adrenal gland also known as sympathoadrenal system?
because the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla are so closely related in function its referred to as sympathoadrenal system together
What are the steroid hormones made from?
cholestrol
Understand the types of hormones and mode of transport and action for Hydrophilic (water
soluble) and Hydrophobic (fat soluble) hormones
hydrophilic= peptides and catecholamines, ADH, TRH, OT, LHRH
hydrophobic= steroid hormone, thyroid hormone,
Know the other organs with their endocrine functions
pineal gland= a mystery, thought to regulate timing of puberty
thymus= immune function
thyroid gland= largest adult gland, hormone is secreted in response to changes of metabolic rate
parathyroid glands= secretes parathyroid hormone which regulates blood calcium levels
adrenal gland= has adrenal medulla that acts as an endocrine gland and of the sympathetic nervous system
adrenal cortex= produces steroid hormones known as corticosteroids
pancreas= exocrine digestive gland, produces hormones and digestive enzymes
How hormones interact and how hormone activity is controlled in the body.
Hormone interaction: Synergistic effects, Permissive effects, Antagonistic effects with
examples.
Hormone Control: receptor up-regulation and down regulation with examples
Hormone clearance- what is metabolic clearance rate and half life of a hormone. How does
it differs for hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones
synergistic effects= when two or more hormones act together to produce a greater effect
permissive effect= when hormones enhance the target organs response to a second hormone
antagonistic effects= when a hormone opposes the aciton of another
receptor up-regulation= cell increases the number of receptors and becomes more sensitive to a hormone
receptor down-regulation= cell reduces number of receptors and lessens sensitivity to a hormone
