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Bacteriology & Mycology > Liver Infections II (19) > Flashcards

Liver Infections II (19) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis? What species generally?

A

acute toxemia

sheep, cattle, and sometimes pigs and horses

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2
Q

What is Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis caused by?

A

the toxin Clostridium novyi type B

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3
Q

The toxin Clostridium novyi type B is produced in ________

A

damaged liver tissue

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4
Q

What is the epidemiology of Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis?

A

adult sheep in good condition

seasonal prevalence related to the migration of immature liver fluke in the liver

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5
Q

Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis is also called

A

Black Disease

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6
Q

T/F: In Black Disease, sheep have a rapid clinical course and are found dead

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis is [aerobic/anaerobic]

A

anaerobic - think necrosis so dead tissue

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8
Q

What is the etiological agent of infectious necrotic hepatitis. Which species?

A

clostridium novyi, type B

sheep and cattle
rarely pigs and horses

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9
Q

Where is c. novyi generally found?

A

resident in soil and may be present in liver

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10
Q

Clinical disease by c. novyi is triggered how?

A

by a primary necrotic process in the liver, which causes the organism to proliferate and produce lethal amounts of toxin

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11
Q

What are the risk factors for infectious necrotic hepatitis?

A

well-nourished sheep in 2-4 age group are susceptible

epidemiological association between c. novyi and liver flukes

summer or fall months

heavy irrigation of pastures

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12
Q

What does c. novyi have an epidemiological association with?

A

liver flukes

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13
Q

What is the source of infection for c. novyi?

A

fecal-oral transmission
fecal contamination
cadavers of sheep dead of the disease - HEAVY contamination
farm to farm spread

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14
Q

C. novyi can be a cause of sudden death in _____

A

adult pigs

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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of c. novyi?

A

spores of c. novyi are ingested and carried to liver —> organism can be isolated from liver of normal animals

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16
Q

In what conditions does migrating fluke cause tissue destruction for c. novyi?

A

anaerobic conditions

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17
Q

Proliferating c. novyi produces ______

A

alpha-toxin

18
Q

The alpha-toxin of c. novyi causes what?

A

it is necrotoxic

local liver necrosis and more diffuse damage to the vascular system

19
Q

What are clinical findings in sheep with c. novyi?

A

very rapid clinical course
affected sheep die during the night and are found dead without exhibiting any signs of illness

20
Q

What are necropsy findings regarding c. novyi?

A

liver is swollen, gray-brown and exhibits characteristic area of necrosis - yellow areas of 1-2 cm and surrounded by a zone of bright red hyperemia

pronounced engorgement of the subcutaneous vessels and a variable degree of subcutaneous edema

dark appearance of inside of the skin

21
Q

How do you confirm diagnosis of c. novyi?

A

anaerobic culture of c. novyi from the typical liver lesion and demonstration of preformed toxin

22
Q

Is there treatment for c. novyi?

A

no effective treatment due to rapid course in sheep

23
Q

How do you control c. novyi?

A

vaccination with toxoid
control of liver fluke
pasture contamination

24
Q

What is bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

is an acute, infectious, toxemic disease with high mortality

caused by clostridium haemolyticum

25
Q

What is the causative agent of bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

clostridium haemolyticum

26
Q

Where does clostridium haemolyticum generally live?

A

soil-borne anaerobe
produces phospholipase C with strong neurotoxic and hemolytic activity

27
Q

Which species is generally affected by clostridium haemolyticum?

A

cattle

28
Q

Where is clostridium haemolyticum (C. novyi type D) found in an infected animal?

A

found in the livers of healthy cattle

29
Q

In anaerobic conditions, the organism grows and produces ________

A

phospholipase C (beta-toxin)

30
Q

What does phospholipase C (B-toxin) do?

A

necrotic and hemolytic toxin responsible for the clinical disease

31
Q

What are the risk factors for clostridium haemolyticum?

A

cattle - most commonly involved
disease of summer and fall months
association with pastures with occurrence of liver fluke

flooding, natural drainage, or carrier animals

32
Q

What is the pathogenesis of c. haemolyticum?

A

spores ingested —> migrating fluke causes tissue destruction —> beta-toxin —> hemolysis, necrosis of hepatocytes, and damage to capillary endothelium —> focal hepatic necrosis

33
Q

Proliferating C. haemolyticum produces large amounts of _____

A

beta-toxin

34
Q

What does beta-toxin do regarding proliferating c. haemolyticum?

A

hemolysis, necrosis of hepatocytes, and damage to capillary endothelium

35
Q

What are the clinical findings of bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

short duration
more often there is sudden onset, with complete cessation of rumination, feeding, lactation, and defecation

abdominal pain, grunting

edema in brisket

36
Q

What are the necropsy findings for bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

focal necrosis in the liver
lesion is pale, surrounded by a zone of hyperemia
red urine is present
subcutaneous edema, and extensive petechial or diffuse hemorrhages in subcutaneous tissue are characteristic

37
Q

A cow with abdominal pain and dark red urine died, and necropsy revealed focal necrosis in the liver. The lesion was pale, surrounded by a zone of hyperemia. What is the causative agent and disease?

A

clostridium haemolyticum

bacillary hemoglobinuria

38
Q

How do you confirm diagnosis of c. haemolyticum?

A

can be isolated from the necrotic hepatic lesion from a fresh carcass

39
Q

What is the treatment for bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

immediate use of penicillin and tetracyclines at high doses and antitoxin serum
supportive treatment

40
Q

How do you control c. haemolyticum?

A

formalin-killed whole culture vaccine adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide gives good protection for a year

Bacteriology & Mycology (39 decks)

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