Eye & Ear Infections II (9)

Question 1

What is chlamydial conjunctivitis?

Answer 1

an acute, chronic, or recurrent infection of the conjunctiva of a variety of animals with intracellular bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae

Question 2

Though chlamydia conjunctivitis is often asymptomatic, infection can also lead to _____

Answer 2

acute or chronic purulent inflammation of the conjunctiva +/- keratitis or other pathologies

Question 3

T/F: Chlamydia conjunctivitis is only localized

Answer 3

FALSE - can arise as a result of a systemic infection (so, you treat with a systemic administration of antibiotic)

Question 4

Where does chlamydiae infect?

Answer 4

the mucosa of a variety of anatomic sites
- GI tract, repro tract, conjunctiva

Question 5

Chlamydia ______ is related to guinea pigs

Answer 5

caviae

Question 6

Clamydia ____ is related to birds and sheep

Answer 6

psittaci

Question 7

Chlamydia ____ is related to cattle, sheep, pigs, and other ruminants such as reindeer, wildlife (koalas), and crocodiles

Answer 7

pecorum

Question 8

What is significant about chalmydia pecorum?

Answer 8

most common cause of pink eye in SHEEP

Question 9

What is characteristic with chlamydia regarding their mechanism as a parasite?

Answer 9

“energy parasites”

unable to synthesize ATP

Question 10

What is the infectious form of chlamydiae?

Answer 10

elementary bodies (EBs): extracellular

small
metabolically inactive
DO NOT multiply
infectious

Question 11

What is the reproductive form of chlamydiae?

Answer 11

reticulate bodies (RBs): intracellular

large
metabolically active
multiply intracellularly
NON-infectious

Question 12

What is the developmental cycle of chlamydiae? It starts at development of _______

Answer 12

starts with development of reticulate bodies

has to change from reticulate (intracellular) bodies to elementary bodies (extracellular)

Question 13

What is the name for Feline Chlamydiosis?

Answer 13

Chlamydia felis

Question 14

What is Chlamydia felis associated with?

Answer 14

conjunctivitis
less commonly, rhinitis

Question 15

T/F: C. felis is rare to cause a lower respiratory tract infection

Answer 15

TRUE

the original name for chlamydia felis was feline pneumonitis which is a misnomer because it rarely causes these infections

Question 16

How is C. felis transmitted?

Answer 16

direct or indirect contact with conjunctival or nasal secretions

organism may also shed from the reproductive tract

Question 17

Where is feline chlamydiosis more common in (what environment)?

Answer 17

multi-cat households

Question 18

What are clinical signs of feline chlamydiosis?

Answer 18

unilateral or bilateral conjunctival congestion

clear ocular discharge

chemosis and blepharospasm are evident

Question 19

Secondary infection in Feline chalmydiosis also occurs with organisms like _____, and the ocular discharge may become ______

Answer 19

mycoplasma felis & staphylococcus spp.

mucopurulent (composed of mucus and pus)

Question 20

Conjunctivitis may also be accompanied by _____ and ________

Answer 20

sneezing

nasal discharge

Question 21

How do you diagnose Feline chalmydiosis?

Answer 21

conjunctival swab - specimen of choice

Question 22

When diagnosing Feline chlamydiosis, giemsa-stained conjunctival smears may reveal ______

Answer 22

intracytoplasmic inclusions

Question 23

A conjunctival swab was taken and then a geisma-stained conjunctival smear was taken. What is this on the smear?

Answer 23

inclusion bodies aka intracytoplasmic inclusions

Question 24

How do you treat and control Feline chalmydiosis?

Answer 24

tetracycline - antibiotic of choice

both inactivated and live vaccines are available

Question 25

What is the most common causes of conjunctivitis in guinea pigs populations? Who is most susceptible?

Answer 25

chlamydia caviae

young guinea pigs (1-2 months)

Question 26

With C. caviae, what can also occur?

Answer 26

rhinitis
lower respiratory tract disease
genital infections

Question 27

What are characteristics of Leptospira spp.?

Answer 27

motile, tightly coiled spiral organisms with hooked end

gram-NEGATIVE

Question 28

Leptospira spp. are gram-[positive/negative]

Answer 28

gram-negative

Question 29

What is a world-wide zoonosis caused by the pathogenic members of the genus Leptospira?

Answer 29

leptospirosis

Question 30

What is leptospiral uveitis?

Answer 30

a late complication of systemic infection, causing reversible or irreversible blindness in humans and horses

Question 31

Those that carry leptospires, the bacterium colonizes the ________, where bacterium is then shed in ______

Answer 31

proximal renal tubules

urine

Question 32

What is human leptospiral uveitis?

Answer 32

acute and non-granulomatous pan-uveitis

leptospira spp. accounts for approximately 10% of total uveitis and 1/3 infectious uveitis cases

Question 33

What is Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)?

Answer 33

characterized by episodes of intraocular inflammation

Question 34

What is the most common cause of ERU in horses in the United States?

Answer 34

Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona

Question 35

What kinds of horses are more susceptible to developing uveitis?

Answer 35

Appaloosa breed

horses with MHC class I haplotype ELA-A9

Question 36

An Appaloosa horse has intraocular inflammation and was diagnosed with uveitis. What does it likely have? Caused by what?

Answer 36

Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)

leptospira interrogans serovar pomona

Question 37

What plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of ERU?

Answer 37

autoimmune responses to ocular tissue

Question 38

The eyes are normally immune-privileged, but the presence of _______ antibodies in eye fluids of uveitis patients indicated breakdown of that privilege

Answer 38

leprospira-directed

Question 39

Humans and horses with leptospiral uveitis produce significant levels of antibodies that recognize L. interrogans _____ and _______

Answer 39

LruA

LruB

Question 40

How does ERU have molecular mimicry?

Answer 40

Question 41

How do you diagnose leptospirosis?

Answer 41

culture - but may take several weeks

Microscopic Agglutination Test - GOLD STANDARD; have paired samples

PCR