Buccal Cavity Infections (7)

Question 1

What is candidiasis?

Answer 1

localized mucocutaneous disease caused by Candida albicans

Question 2

What is candidiasis caused by?

Answer 2

candida albicans

Question 3

C. albicans is a normal inhabitant in the body. Where?

Answer 3

nasopharynx, GI tract, external genitalia

Question 4

C. albicans is _____ in causing diseases

Answer 4

opportunistic

Question 5

What are factors associated with candida infections?

Answer 5

disruption of mucosal integrity
indwelling, intravenous, or urinary catheters
administration of antibiotics
immunosuppressive drugs or diseases

Question 6

Which species does c. albicans normally affect?

Answer 6

birds

Question 7

What is candidiasis in birds called?

Answer 7

thrush
crop mycosis
sour crop

Question 8

What is candidiasis in birds? Where in the body does it affect?

Answer 8

a disease of the digestive tract of chickens and turkeys caused by c. albicans

Question 9

Which types of birds are most susceptible to c. albicans?

Answer 9

young birds and poults

Question 10

In candidiasis in birds, lesions are mostly found in the _____. What do they consist of?

Answer 10

crop

thickened mucosa
whitish, raised pseudomembranes

infrequently, shallow ulcers and sloughing of necrotic epithelium may be present

Question 11

What are clinical signs in candidiasis in birds?

Answer 11

listlessness
inappetence

Question 12

How do you control and prevent candidiasis in birds?

Answer 12

improving sanitation and minimizing antibiotic use help reduce the incidences

nystatin and fluconazole for treatment

Question 13

What is the name of candidiasis in other species called? It is [frequent/infrequent] in dogs and cats

Answer 13

cutaneous candidiasis

infrequent

Question 14

In dogs regarding cutaneous candidiasis, _______ may be found on the muzzle, inguinal area, scrotum, and dorsal and lateral aspects of the feet

Answer 14

exfoliative dermatitis

Question 15

Regarding candidiasis in foxhounds, what occurs?

Answer 15

otitis externa

Question 16

In foals and calves regarding candidiasis, what occurs in association with gastric ulceration?

Answer 16

gastrointestinal candidiasis

Question 17

What do pigs get when infected with candidiasis?

Answer 17

cutaneous and mucocutaneous infection

Question 18

How do you diagnose candidiasis?

Answer 18

made by examination of scrapings or biopsy specimens from mucocutaneous lesions

sabouraud’s debtors agar colonies (white to cream colored, smooth, glabrous, and yeast-like in appearance)

Question 19

What are the morphological characteristics of c. albicans?

Answer 19

ovoid, budding yeast cells with thin walls

Question 20

In c. albicans, ____ or _____ may also be seen in the clinical specimen

Answer 20

pseudohyphae

true hyphae

Question 21

How do you differentiate c. albicans from other candida?

Answer 21

germ tube test

Question 22

What other tests can be used to diagnose candidiasis?

Answer 22

biochemical tests

molecular tests

Question 23

What is aspergillosis caused by?

Answer 23

several aspergillus spp., especially A. fumigatus and A. terreus

Question 24

What is aspergillosis?

Answer 24

primarily a respiratory infection

however, tissue predilection varies among species

Question 25

What are the most common forms of aspergillosis?

Answer 25

guttural pouch mycosis in horses

infections of nasal and paranasal tissues, intervertebral sites and kidneys in dogs

Question 26

What is guttural pouch mycosis?

Answer 26

mycotic plaques in caudodorsal aspect of medial guttural pouch — over the internal carotid artery

Question 27

What is the most common clinical sign of guttural pouch mycosis? What is it due to?

Answer 27

epistaxis (nosebleed)

due to fungal erosion of the wall of either the internal carotid artery or branches of the external carotid artery

Question 28

How do you diagnose guttural pouch mycosis? Treatment?

Answer 28

endoscopic examination

topic and systemic anti fungal therapy

Question 29

What is canine nasal aspergillosis?

Answer 29

mucosa of the nasal and paranasal sinuses may be covered by a layer of gray-black necrotic material and fungal growth

the mucosa and underlying bone may be necrotic with loss of bone definition on radiographs

Question 30

What is the diagnosis of aspergillus spp.?

Answer 30

microscopy of tissue samples

hyaline, septet hyphae that branch dichotomously with a 45 degree angle

Question 31

What is this?

Answer 31

aspergillosis spp.

Question 32

What is treatment of aspergillus spp.?

Answer 32

topical ozole (clotrimazole) delivered as a 1-hour infusion

Question 33

Fusobacterium necrophorum is part of what normally?

Answer 33

part of the normal flora of the mouth, intestines, and genitalia tract of herbivores and omnivores

also widespread in environment

Question 34

Fusobacterium necrophorum is considered to be a ________ instead of what?

Answer 34

a secondary invader instead of a primary cause of disease

Question 35

What is calf diphtheria?

Answer 35

an infectious disease affecting the pharynx, larynx, and oral cavity

Question 36

Diphtheria occurs as ________ in [calves/adult cattle]

Answer 36

necrotic stomatitis
calves - less than 3 months of age

Question 37

What is the causative agent of calf diphtheria?

Answer 37

fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 38

What does diphtheria most commonly present as?

Answer 38

necrotic stomatitis in calves less than 3 months

• usually occurs as necrotic laryngitis in older calves

Question 39

What does necrotic stomatitis cause?

Answer 39

fever
depression
anorexia
excessive salivation
foul-smelling breath

Question 40

Lesions for calf diphtheria include what?

Answer 40

marked edema, hyperemia, swollen oral, pharyngeal mucous membranes surrounding a necrotic ulcer

Question 41

In smears from deep in the lesions, what may be identified in fusobacterium necrophorum?

Answer 41

filamentous, beaded, gram-NEGATIVE bacteria

can be cultured on blood agar in ANaerobic environment

Question 42

How do you treat calf diphtheria?

Answer 42

sulfonamides or procaine penicillin G