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Bacteriology & Mycology > Infections of the Hemolymphatic System III (35) > Flashcards

Infections of the Hemolymphatic System III (35) Flashcards

Dr. Erol

1
Q

What is anthrax?

A

a serious zoonotic disease that can affect most mammals and several species of birds, but is particularly important in herbivores

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2
Q

What is the causative agent of anthrax?

A

bacillus anthracis

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3
Q

What is the etiology of bacillus anthracis?

A

gram-positive; large rod; non-motile

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4
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of bacillus anthracis - two forms

A

within an infected host, spores germinate to produce vegetative forms

bacillus are released by the dying or dead animal into the environment

sporulate, ready to be taken up by another animal

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5
Q

Describe the growth requirements for bacillus anthracis spores

A

nutrient poor

presence of free oxygen

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6
Q

What are the two forms of bacillus anthracis? Which one is the predominant phase in the environment?

A

vegetative form - are produced from spores within infected host

spore form

predominant: spore form

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7
Q

The _____ form of anthrax is markedly resistant to biological extremes of heat, cold, pH, desiccation, and chemicals

A

spore form

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8
Q

Within the anaerobic environment of an infected host, the organism is in [spore/vegetative] form. What does that mean?

A

vegetative

means spores are NOT produced in the unopened carcass

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9
Q

How is anthrax spread to humans?

A

cutaneous
inhalational
gastrointestinal

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10
Q

How is bacillus anthracis spread in animals?

A

bacteria is present in hemorrhagic exudate from mouth, nose, and anus

spores viable for decades

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11
Q

How does bacillus anthracis invade the body? What is the most common way?

A

ingestion - most common
> herbivores - contaminated soil, heavy rainfall, drought
» carnivores: contaminated meat

inhalation

mechanical (insects)

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12
Q

Trace the lifecycle of anthrax

A
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13
Q

Describe anthrax in the US. What kind of soil?

A

Western US
alkaline soil
cattle!

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14
Q

The virulence of B. anthracis derives from the presence of a ______ and the ability to produce a _______

A

capsule
complex toxin

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15
Q

Both virulence factors of bacillus anthracis are encoded by ______ and are required for disease production. Their expression is regulated by ______ and ______

A

plasmids
host temperature & carbon dioxide

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16
Q

What are bacillus anthracis capsules composed of? What does it inhibit?

A

poly-D-glutamic acid

inhibits phagocytosis

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17
Q

The complex toxin of bacillus anthracis consists of what 3 antigenic components?

A

protective antigen

edema factor

lethal factor

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18
Q

What is the protective antigen of bacillus anthracis?

A

binding moiety for both edema factor and lethal factor

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19
Q

What is the edema factor of bacillus anthracis?

A

an adenylate cyclase which upsets water homeostasis and has a role in absence of rigor mortis and inhibition of platelet aggregation

20
Q

What is the lethal factor of bacillus anthracis?

A

zinc metalloprotease, and essential for the lethal effects of the toxin, and inhibition of platelet aggregation

21
Q

What form of anthrax is 95% prevalent in humans?

A

cutaneous form

22
Q

How does bacillus anthracis typically enter the skin in humans?

A

via abrasions or other open wounds

papule, vesicle, ulcer, eschar

23
Q

The eschar form of anthrax in humans may be surrounded by moderate to severe _____, ______

A

non-pitting, gelatinous edema

24
Q

A human has a cutaneous lesion that looks like coal. How did he acquire this infection?

A

entered the skin via abrasions or other open wounds

25
Q

What is gastrointestinal anthrax?

A
26
Q

What is inhalation anthrax?

A

initial phase - nonspecific
second phase

high fatality

27
Q

How do you treat anthrax?

A

penicillin

28
Q

How do you prevent and control anthrax in humans?

A
29
Q

What is the vaccine for anthrax?

A
30
Q

Who is at the greatest risk for anthrax in animals?

A

ruminant at greatest risk

31
Q

What are the 3 forms of anthrax?

A

per-acute
actue
subacute-chronic

32
Q

Who is affected by the per-acute form of anthrax?

A

ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, antelope)

33
Q

Who is affected by the acute form of anthrax?

A

ruminants and equine

34
Q

Who is affected by the subacute-chronic form of anthrax?

A

swine, dogs, cats

35
Q

What are the forms of anthrax in ruminants?

A

per-acute: sudden death

acute: tremors, dyspnea, blood discharge from body orifices

chronic: pharyngeal and lingual edema, death from a asphyxiation

36
Q

A cow suddenly died from anthrax. What is the form and causative agent?

A

per-acute: sudden death

bacillus anthracis

37
Q

What is anthrax in equines?

A

acute

insect bite

38
Q

Describe manifestations of anthrax in pigs

A

pigs have mild subacute to chronic infections characterized by local swelling and systemic signs, such as fever and enlarged lymph nodes

39
Q

How do dogs and cats acquire anthrax?

A

ingestion of contaminated raw meat

40
Q

Describe manifestations of anthrax in dogs and cats

A

subacute to chronic

fever, anorexia, weakness
necrosis and edema of upper GI tract
lymphadenopathy and edema of head and neck
death

41
Q

T/F: Necropsy should be performed when confirming diagnosis of anthrax

A

FALSE - necropsy is not advised!

do not open the carcass!

42
Q

What is treatment for anthrax? Is it a reportable disease?

A

penicillin, tetracyclines

reportable!!

43
Q

How is anthrax controlled? - specifically through what?

A

controlled through vaccination programs, rapid detection, and reporting, quarantine, treatment

non-encapsulated sterne-strain vaccine - used almost universally for livestock immunization

livestock

44
Q

In livestock, the [encapsulated/nonencapsulated] _____ anthrax vaccine is used almost universally for livestock immunization

A

sterne-strain vaccine

45
Q

In livestock, anthrax can be controlled largely by _______ of ______ in the _____ area

A

annual vaccination of all grazing animals in the endemic area

46
Q

A cow is found dead, even though it seemed fine yesterday. Interestingly, there is no detectable rigor mortis, even though it has been dead for several hours. Why is rigor mortis not detected in this disease? What is the causative agent and disease?

A

edema factor in anthrax is an adenylate cyclase which upsets water homeostasis and has a role in absence of rigor mortis and inhibition of platelet aggregation

bacillus anthracis, anthrax

47
Q

Other animals found dead have dark, tarry blood exudates from the orifices. There is no detectable clotting. Why does blood not clot in anthrax?

A

edema factor: is an adenylate cyclase which upsets water homeostasis and has a role in absence of rigor mortis and inhibition of platelet aggregation

lethal factor, zinc metalloprotease, and essential for the lethal effects of the toxin, and inhibition of platelet aggregation

Bacteriology & Mycology (39 decks)

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