Lesson 4A (Part 2) Flashcards
What is needed for a transabdominal US scan of the prostate?
A distended urinary bladder
What is the frequency for a transabdominal US scan of the prostate?
3-5 MHz
- curved linear array
- vector array
When is an endorectal scan of the prostate needed?
When high resolution is required
What is the frequency for a endorectal US scan of the prostate?
5-9 MHz
- intracavity
What are the clinical indications for a prostate gland? (12)
- Urinary symptoms
- Nocturia
- Dysuria
- Decrease force of urinary stream
- Terminal dribble
- Hematuria
- infertility work-up - Hematospermia
- Oligospermia
- Abnormal biochemistry 10. Elevated PSA
- Abnormal digital rectal exam
- DRE - Pain
- lower back
- pelvis
- upper thighs
- perineum
What is the normal appearance of the prostate?
Homogeneous
- uniform echo pattern
What is the normal appearance of the seminal vesicles?
Hypoechoic compared to rest of prostate
What is the normal appearance of the central and peripheral zone? (2)
- Homogeneous
- Hypoechoic
- area in posterior prostate
What is the normal appearance of the transition zone?
Moderately hypoechoic
What are 5 endorectal indications for a prostate scan?
- Elevated PSA levels
- Palpable nodules
- Biopsy guidance
- Prostate abscess
- Male infertility
TRUS
Transrectal Ultrasound
DRE
Digital rectal examination
Digital rectal examination
A doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum and feels the prostate`
What can a DRE sometimes detect? (3)
- An enlarged prostate
- Lumps or nodules of prostate cancer
- Tenderness from prostatitis
PSA
Prostate specific antigen
Prostate specific antigen
The prostate makes a protein called PSA, which can be measured by a blood test
What does it mean if PSA is elevated?
Prostate cancer is more likely
- not confirmed though
What does an enlarged prostate potentially indicate?
High PSA
Prostate US (transrectal US)
An ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum, bringing it close to the prostate
What is often done with US to conform prostate cancer?
Biopsy
Prostate biopsy
A needle is inserted into the prostate to take tissue out to check for prostate cancer
- this is usually done through the rectum
What kind of test is done to rule out prostate cancer?
PSA
What PSA levels are considered normal?
0-4
What PSA levels are considered suspicious?
4-10
What PSA levels are considered a possible indicator of prostate cancer?
Higher than 10
What shape do the seminal vesicles demonstrate on US?
Bowtie sign
What are other possible conditions the can cause a rise in PSA? (5)
- A larger prostate
- Prostate infection
- prostatitis - Urinary tract infection
- Recent tests on your bladder (cystoscopy) or prostate (biopsy)
- Catheter tube recently placed into your bladder to drain urine
What is seen in aging male prostates? (2)
- Calcification
2. Chronic inflammation
What can calcification be confused with on US?
The urethra
