Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

High Resolution > Lesson 1E (Part 3) > Flashcards

Lesson 1E (Part 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Follicular neoplasm

A

Encapsulated true neoplasms of the thyroid gland

- 5-10% of all thyroid nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is differentiation of follicular adenoma from a follicular carcinoma based on?

A

The presence of capsular or vascular invasion on histologic examination
- cannot be made by sonography or by FNA cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does follicular adenomas and follicular carcinomas look like sonographically? (2)

A
  1. Solitary encapsulated tumors

2. Well-defined peripheral hypoechoic halo representing the fibrous capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What kind of follicular neoplasms are considered minimally invasive?

A

The types that are encapsulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What kind of follicular neoplasms are considered invasive?

A

Extends beyond the tumour capsule into blood vessels and adjacent parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the echogenicity of follicular neoplasms?

A

Variable

  • echogenic
  • isoechoic
  • hypoechoic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do echogenic adenomas appear?

A
  1. Smoothly marginated
  2. Ovoid in appearance
  3. Pseudotesticle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Medullary thyroid cancer

A

Neuroendocrine tumor arising from the parafollicular C cells located in the upper two thirds of the thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of medullary carcinoma? (3)

A
  1. Solid
  2. Hypoechoic
  3. Coarse central calcifications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anaplastic carcinoma

A

Is a rare (<1%) thyroid mass that is extremely aggressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who does anaplastic carcinoma affect?

A

The elderly with a history of goiter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does anaplastic carcinoma present?

A

A rapidly growing neck mass

- tumor invades locally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do anaplastic carcinomas appear sonographically? (6)

A
  1. Large
    - at least 5 to 10 cm
  2. Fixed
    - not going to move/slide
  3. Hard
    - not compressible
  4. Heterogeneous
  5. Internal calcifications and cystic or necrotic areas
  6. Adjacent enlarged lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are most thyroid lymphomas?

A

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does lymphomas present itself?

A

With a rapidly enlarging painless neck mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of lymphoma? (2)

A
  1. Very hypoechoic
  2. Pseudocystic pattern
    - increased through transmission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of metastatic disease? (5)

A
  1. Nonspecific appearance
  2. Usually solid
  3. Noncalcified
  4. Hypoechoic nodules
  5. Can be hypervascular
18
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Excess secretion of parathyroid hormone

- usually by benign tumours of a gland

19
Q

What does hyperparathyroidism cause?

A

The release of calcium from bones which raised the blood calcium levels
- hypercalcaemia

20
Q

What are 5 effects of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. Polyuria and polydipsia
  2. Formation of renal calculi
  3. Anorexia and constipation
  4. Muscle weakness
  5. General fatigue
21
Q

What are the 2 types of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. Primary

2. Secondary

22
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

An enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands causes overproduction of the hormone, resulting in high levels of calcium in the blood
- hypercalcemia

23
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism caused by?

A

A single adenoma

- 85% of cases

24
Q

Primary

A

Is involved with the organ or system itself that is causing problems

25
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Occurs as a result of another disease that initially causes low levels of calcium in the body and over time, increased parathyroid hormone levels occur

26
Q

Secondary

A

Is involved with something outside the organ or system itself that is causing problems

27
Q

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A

Is a state of excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone after longstanding secondary hyperparathyroidism and resulting in hypercalcemia

28
Q

When does tertiary hyperparathyroidism persist?

A

After successful renal transplantation

29
Q

What are causes of hyperthyroidism? (6)

A
  1. Medical conditions that cause low blood calcium levels or increased phosphate levels
  2. Conditions that make it hard for the body to remove phosphate
  3. Kidney failure
  4. Not enough calcium in the diet
  5. Vitamin D disorders
  6. Problems absorbing nutrients from food
30
Q

What is the result of hyperparathyroidism? (4)

A
  1. Increased risk of bone fractures
  2. High blood pressure and heart disease
  3. Kidney stones
  4. Osteitis fibrosa
31
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid hormone deficiency that causes hypocalcaemia, due to abnormally low blood calcium levels

32
Q

Which parathyroid disorder is more common?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

33
Q

What does low levels of blood calcium cause? (5)

A
  1. Tetany
  2. Psychiatric disturbances
  3. Paraesthesia
  4. Grand mal seizures
  5. In some cases, cataracts and brittle nails.
34
Q

What causes hypoparathyroidism? (3)

A
  1. Damage to or removal of the glands during thyroidectomy
  2. Ionising radiation
    development of autoantibodies to PTH and parathyroid cells
  3. Congenital abnormality of the glands
35
Q

What is tetany caused by?

A

Hypocalcaemia

36
Q

Why is tetany caused by hypocalcaemia?

A

Because low blood calcium levels increase excitability of peripheral nerves

37
Q

Tetany

A

Very strong painful spasms of skeletal muscles, causing characteristic bending inwards of the hands, forearms and feet

38
Q

What us hypocalcaemia associated with?

A

Hypoparathyroidism

39
Q

Hypocalcaemia

A

Is a deficiency of vitamin D or dietary deficiency of calcium that results in chronic renal failure when there is excretion of excess calcium in the urine

40
Q

What does tetany affect?

A

The peripheral nerves

High Resolution (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions