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High Resolution > Lesson 1A (Part 2) > Flashcards

Lesson 1A (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is iodine essential for?

A

The formation of the thyroid hormones

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2
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine

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3
Q

T3

A

Tri-iodothyronine

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4
Q

Why are they labeled T4 and T3?

A

They are numbered as these molecules contain four and three atoms of the element iodine respectively

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5
Q

What is the body’s main dietary source of iodine? (3)

A
  1. Seafood
  2. Vegetables grown in iodine-rich soil
  3. Iodinated table salt
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6
Q

What is the recommended minimum intake of iodine per day?

A

150ug/day

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7
Q

Iodine trapping

A

The thyroid gland selectively takes up iodine from the blood

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8
Q

What is the release of T4 and T3 into the blood stimulated by?

A

By the thyroid stimulating hormone

- TSH

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9
Q

Where is the TSH released from?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

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10
Q

What is secretion of TSH stimulated by?

A

Thyrotrophin releasing hormone

- TRH

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11
Q

Where is TRH released from?

A

The hypothalamus

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12
Q

What kind of feedback loop are the thyroid hormones involved with?

A

Negative feedback

- increase T3, decrease T4 (and vice versa)

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13
Q

How does T3and T4affect most cells of the body by? (3)

A
  1. Increasing the basal metabolic rate
  2. Increasing heat production
  3. Regulating metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
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14
Q

What is T4 and T3 essential for?

A

Normal growth and development

- especially of the skeleton and nervous system

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15
Q

What is influenced by thyroid hormones?

A

Most other organs and systems

- heart, skeletal muscles, skin, digestive and reproductive systems

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16
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Increased levels of T3 and T4 secretions

17
Q

What are the common effects of hyperthyroidism? (7)

A
  1. Increased basal metabolic rate
  2. Weight loss, good appetite
  3. Anxiety, physical restlessness, mental excitability
  4. Hair loss
  5. Warm sweaty skin, heat, intolerance
  6. Diarrhoea
  7. Exophthalmos in Graves’ disease
18
Q

What factors affect the thyroid hormones? (6)

A
  1. Exercise
    - too much or too little
  2. Diet
    - malnutrition
  3. Age
  4. Stress
  5. Low blood glucose
  6. Lack of sleep
19
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Bulging of the eyes in Graves’ disease

20
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Decreased levels of T3 and T4 secretion

21
Q

What are the common effects of hypothyroidism? (7)

A
  1. Decreased basal metabolic rate
  2. Weight gain, anorexia
  3. Depression, psychosis, mental slowness, lethargy
  4. Dry skin, brittle hair
  5. Constipation
  6. Bradycardia
  7. Dry cold skin, prone to hypothermia
22
Q

What is the first test for assessment of the thyroid function?

A

TSH

- thyroid stimulating hormone

23
Q

What is the TSH test monitoring?

A

The patients who are on thyroid replacement or suppressive therapy

24
Q

What is the good thing about patients on thyroid replacement or suppressive therapy?

A

They are more sensitive than free T4 to alterations of thyroid status in patients with primary thyroid disease

25
Q

What is not part of the essential assessment to TSH?

A

Investigation of the thyroid function with T4

- monitoring patients on thyroid replacement therapy

26
Q

What is elevated in hyperthyroidism?

A

Free T4

27
Q

What are examples of thyroid function tests? (4)

A
  1. TSH
  2. T4
  3. Antibodies
  4. Elevated levels of anti-TPO antibodies
28
Q

Antibody thyroid function test

A

Anti-TPO antibody

- marker for the diagnosis and management of autoimmune thyroid disease

29
Q

Where do you see elevated levels of anti-TPO antibodies? (2)

A
  1. Hashimotos thyroiditis
  2. Graves’ disease
    - 85%
30
Q

High levels of TSH leads to?

A

Hypothyroidism

31
Q

Low levels of TSH leads to?

A

Hyperthyroidism

32
Q

What kind of work is done when testing the thyroid?

A

Blood work

33
Q

TPO

A

Thyroid peroxidase

34
Q

What is thyroid peroxidase?

A

An enzyme made in thethyroid glandthat converts the thyroid hormone T4 into T3

35
Q

What does the presence of autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase mean?

A

Presence of TPOAb in the blood reflects a prior attack on the thyroid tissue by the body’s immune system

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