Lectures 1-9 Flashcards
Describe the structure and function of the skull.
Made up of the cranium and facial bones; protects the brain and supports sensory organs.
What is an osteon, and what is its function?
A lengthwise unit in compact bone; provides a pathway for nutrients to cells in the ECM.
What is the origin, insertion, and movement of the gluteus maximus?
Origin: Ilium and sacrum. Insertion: Femur. Movement: Hip extension.
What occurs during repolarization?
Positive ions are removed from the cell, returning to resting membrane potential.
What does the term “anterior” mean in anatomical terminology?
Towards the front of the body.
Describe the structure of cancellous bone.
Contains trabeculae (struts of lamella bone), marrow in cavities, and osteocytes in lacunae or on the surface.
What is eversion?
Turning the sole of the foot away from the midline.
What is the origin, insertion, and movement of the quadriceps femoris?
Origin: Ilium (rectus femoris) and femur (vastus muscles). Insertion: Tibial tuberosity. Movement: Hip flexion (rectus femoris) and knee extension.
What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?
No net flow of water, cell remains stable.
Describe the three types of joints.
Fibrous (least movement, provides stability), Cartilaginous (some movement, connected by fibrocartilage), and Synovial (most movement, made of various tissues).
Where are Na+ and K+ ions located at rest?
Na+ is outside the cell, and K+ is inside the cell.
What is the coronal plane?
The plane that divides the body into front and back sections.
What are the three types of muscle contractions?
Concentric (muscle shortens), eccentric (muscle lengthens), and isometric (muscle length stays the same).
What makes up the inorganic component of bone?
Hydroxyapatite and other calcium minerals; it makes bone hard and resistant to compression.
What are the two key proteins that make up the myofilament?
Actin and myosin.
Describe the different classes of bone in the human skeleton and explain how their shape relates to function.
Long bones (movement), short bones (weight-bearing), flat bones (muscle attachment and protection), irregular bones (varied functions).
What is plantarflexion?
Pointing the toes towards the ground.
What structures are included in epithelial tissue?
Epithelia and glands (exocrine and endocrine).
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
Water enters the cell, causing it to expand and possibly burst.
What is the sarcolemma?
The cell membrane of a muscle fibre.
What percentage of tissue in the human body is epithelial tissue?
3%
What is feedforward in homeostasis?
Anticipation of an event that will alter a controlled variable, leading to actions that minimize the effect.
What is pronation?
Turning the palms to face posteriorly
What percentage of tissue in the human body is muscle tissue?
50%