Lectures 1-12 Flashcards
Describe the knee’s movement and muscle activity during early swing.
The knee is in flexion to lift the foot, with hamstrings and gastrocnemius as agonists.
What is required to maintain bone homeostasis?
Adequate dietary calcium and moderate exercise.
What is the transverse plane?
The plane that divides the body into top and bottom sections.
Which tissue includes blood and lymph?
Connective tissue.
What is the general process of sampling?
Sampling involves selecting a subset of individuals from a population to represent the whole population.
What happens during bone remodelling?
Osteoblasts add bone matrix to the surface, and osteoclasts remove bone from the medullary cavity.
What percentage of tissue in the human body is muscle tissue?
50%
What are the three types of muscle contractions?
Concentric (muscle shortens), eccentric (muscle lengthens), and isometric (muscle length stays the same).
Where is cancellous bone found and what is its function?
Found in the epiphyses; it is light, spongy, and good for shock absorption.
Describe the three types of joints.
Fibrous (least movement, provides stability), Cartilaginous (some movement, connected by fibrocartilage), and Synovial (most movement, made of various tissues).
How does bone maintain homeostasis?
By balancing Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity to regulate bone formation and destruction.
What makes up the inorganic component of bone?
Hydroxyapatite and other calcium minerals; it makes bone hard and resistant to compression.
What percentage of a bone’s weight is cellular, and what are the types of cells involved?
2%; includes Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts.
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and its function?
A membrane network that stores and releases calcium (Ca2+) during muscle contraction.
What percentage of tissue in the human body is nervous tissue?
2%
What body parts are included in the lower limb?
Thigh, leg, and foot.
What occurs at the hip during late stance (toe off)?
The hip is in extension with gluteus maximus and hamstrings as agonists.
What happens when many action potentials are fired in rapid sequence?
A sustained release of calcium, sustained actin-myosin interaction, and sustained contraction (summation).
What are the characteristics of slow muscle fibres?
They supply steady force and are slow to tire.
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
What is rotation in anatomical movement?
Movement around the long axis of a joint.
What is the coronal plane?
The plane that divides the body into front and back sections.
Define the basic pattern of the gait cycle.
The gait cycle includes the stance phase, swing phase, and transitions like heel strike and toe off.
What is the difference between location (central tendency) and spread in statistics?
Location (central tendency) measures where the data centers (e.g., mean, median), while spread measures the variability or dispersion of the data (e.g., range, standard deviation).