Lectures 1-10: Bone and Biomechanics Flashcards
How does bone maintain homeostasis?
By balancing Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity to regulate bone formation and destruction.
Where are Na+ and K+ ions located at rest?
Na+ is outside the cell, and K+ is inside the cell.
What occurs during depolarization?
Positive ions enter the cell, signaling excitable cells.
What percentage of tissue in the human body is nervous tissue?
2%
What is dorsiflexion?
Bringing the toes up towards the face.
Describe the ankle’s position and muscle activity during mid swing.
The ankle is in dorsiflexion to allow toe clearance, with tibialis anterior as the agonist.
What muscles stabilize the knee during early stance?
The quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius.
What is the coronal plane?
The plane that divides the body into front and back sections.
What is required to maintain bone homeostasis?
Adequate dietary calcium and moderate exercise.
Identify the major bones of the skeleton, and understand why/how some are sexually dimorphic.
Major bones include the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and limb bones. Sexual dimorphism is seen in the pelvis to accommodate childbirth in females.
What is the ankle’s position during early swing?
The ankle is in dorsiflexion to allow toe clearance, with tibialis anterior as the agonist.
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of and what is its function?
Consists of the limb bones; it is important for movement.
What is inversion?
Turning the sole of the foot towards the midline.
What anatomical feature helps maintain a stable, upright stance without energy expenditure at the hip?
The line of gravity being posterior to the hip joint, pushing it into extension and tightening the ligaments.
What is the function of trabeculae in cancellous bone?
Resist force from multiple directions and spread force distally.
How is bone homeostasis maintained?
Balance between Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity, allowing constant bone formation and destruction.
Define and demonstrate terms of movements as related to joints.
Flexion/extension (sagittal plane), abduction/adduction (coronal plane), circumduction, rotation, pronation, and supination.
Describe the microanatomy of tissues in joints.
Hyaline cartilage resists compression; fibrocartilage resists tension and compression; DFCT resists tension.
What are the roles of agonist, antagonist, stabilizer, and neutralizer muscles?
Agonist creates movement, antagonist opposes movement, stabilizer holds a joint still, neutralizer prevents unwanted movement.
Define tissue and structure.
Tissue: Cells grouped together in an organized manner (e.g., DFCT). Structure: Something formed of a tissue (e.g., ligament).
What is extension?
Increasing the angle between two body parts.
Describe flat bones.
Thin plates of compact bone (with some cancellous); they function for muscle attachment and protection (e.g., scapula, skull, sternum).
Describe short bones.
Nearly equal in width and length, mostly cancellous bone; they are weight-bearing (e.g., carpals and tarsals).
What is the role of triceps surae during mid stance?
It continues to move the ankle into plantarflexion.