Lectures 1-2

Question 1

What does the term “superior” mean in anatomical terminology?

Answer 1

Above or towards the head

Question 2

Define and demonstrate terms of movements as related to joints.

Answer 2

Flexion/extension (sagittal plane), abduction/adduction (coronal plane), circumduction, rotation, pronation, and supination.

Question 3

Which tissue allows information to be quickly sent around the body?

Answer 3

Nervous tissue.

Question 4

What are movements in the sagittal plane?

Answer 4

Flexion and extension.

Question 5

What does the term “lateral” mean in anatomical terminology?

Answer 5

Farther from the midline of the body.

Question 6

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 6

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, forms secretory glands, provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and produces specialized secretions.

Question 7

What does the term “deep” mean in anatomical terminology?

Answer 7

Farther from the surface of the skin.

Question 8

How do atoms, molecules, cells, and tissues relate to each other?

Answer 8

Atoms combine to form molecules, which interact to form cells that can secrete and regulate. These cells and extracellular materials and fluids combine to form tissues.

Question 9

What is the transverse plane?

Answer 9

The plane that divides the body into top and bottom sections.

Question 10

What does the term “proximal” mean in anatomical terminology?

Answer 10

Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

Question 11

What does the term “anterior” mean in anatomical terminology?

Answer 11

Towards the front of the body.

Question 12

Define terms used to describe spatial and positional relationships of structures.

Answer 12

Anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep.

Question 13

What responses are coordinated by the Heat-Gain centre when body temperature lowers?

Answer 13

Behavioral changes, vasoconstriction, reduced sweat production, shivering, and goosebumps.

Question 14

What is dorsiflexion?

Answer 14

Bringing the toes up towards the face.

Question 15

What does the term “superficial” mean in anatomical terminology?

Answer 15

Closer to the surface of the skin.

Question 16

What are the functions of nervous tissue?

Answer 16

Conducts electrical impulses and carries information.

Question 17

What does the term “distal” mean in anatomical terminology?

Answer 17

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

Question 18

Which tissue is the most common in the body?

Answer 18

Muscle tissue (50%).

Question 19

What is abduction?

Answer 19

Moving a limb towards the midline of the body.

Question 20

What is inversion?

Answer 20

Turning the sole of the foot towards the midline.

Question 21

What is plantarflexion?

Answer 21

Pointing the toes towards the ground.

Question 22

What is homeostasis?

Answer 22

It supports normal function of body systems by maintaining conditions in the internal environment through regulatory mechanisms.

Question 23

Which tissue forms glands?

Answer 23

Epithelial tissue.

Question 24

Which tissue is the least common in the body?

Answer 24

Nervous tissue (2%).

Question 25

What does the term "medial" mean in anatomical terminology?

Answer 25

Closer to the midline of the body.

Question 26

What does the term "inferior" mean in anatomical terminology?

Answer 26

Below or towards the feet.

Question 27

Why is knowing terminology important in anatomy?

Answer 27

It allows effective communication and avoids vague descriptions or directions.

Question 28

What types of connective tissue are there?

Answer 28

Connective tissue proper (loose: areolar, adipose, reticular; dense: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic), fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph), and supporting connective tissues (cartilage: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage; bone).

Question 29

Which tissue includes blood and lymph?

Answer 29

Connective tissue.

Question 30

What is the primary function of muscle tissue?

Answer 30

Contracts to produce movement.

Question 31

What is pronation?

Answer 31

Turning the palms to face posteriorly

Question 32

What are some examples of set-points in homeostasis?

Answer 32

Temperature, ion concentrations (calcium, potassium, sodium), blood sugar levels, and fluid balance.

Question 33

What are movements in the coronal plane?

Answer 33

Abduction and adduction.

Question 34

What body parts are included in the upper limb?

Answer 34

Arm, forearm, and hand.

Question 35

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 35

The plane that divides the body into left and right sections.

Question 36

What body parts are included in the lower limb?

Answer 36

Thigh, leg, and foot.

Question 37

What is rotation in anatomical movement?

Answer 37

Movement around the long axis of a joint.

Question 38

What is supination?

Answer 38

Turning the palms to face anteriorly.

Question 39

What is the correct anatomical position?

Answer 39

Upright, facing forwards, feet together, palms facing forwards.

Question 40

What is extension?

Answer 40

Increasing the angle between two body parts.

Question 41

What is adduction?

Answer 41

Moving a limb towards the midline of the body.

Question 42

What does the term "posterior" mean in anatomical terminology?

Answer 42

Towards the back of the body.

Question 43

What responses are coordinated by the Heat-Loss centre when body temperature rises?

Answer 43

Behavioral changes, vasodilation, shunting of blood to the skin, sweat production, and respiratory heat loss.

Question 44

What is flexion?

Answer 44

Decreasing the angle between two body parts.

Question 45

What percentage of tissue in the human body is epithelial tissue?

Answer 45

3%

Question 46

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 46

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

Question 47

What is eversion?

Answer 47

Turning the sole of the foot away from the midline.

Question 48

Which tissue can be divided into skeletal, cardiac, and smooth?

Answer 48

Muscle tissue.

Question 49

What percentage of tissue in the human body is connective tissue?

Answer 49

45%

Question 50

What is the coronal plane?

Answer 50

The plane that divides the body into front and back sections.

Question 51

Which tissues would you find in your knee joint?

Answer 51

Connective tissue (including cartilage and bone), muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

Question 52

What percentage of tissue in the human body is nervous tissue?

Answer 52

2%

Question 53

What percentage of tissue in the human body is muscle tissue?

Answer 53

50%

Question 54

What is feedback in homeostasis?

Answer 54

When a controlled variable moves too far from the set point and the body responds to bring it back to normal.

Question 55

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Answer 55

Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy, establishes a structural framework for the body, transports fluids and dissolved materials, protects delicate organs, supports, surrounds, and interconnects other types of tissues, stores energy (especially in the form of triglycerides), and defends the body from invading microorganisms.

Question 56

What structures are included in epithelial tissue?

Answer 56

Epithelia and glands (exocrine and endocrine).

Question 57

What is circumduction?

Answer 57

A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Question 58

What is feedforward in homeostasis?

Answer 58

Anticipation of an event that will alter a controlled variable, leading to actions that minimize the effect.