Lectures 1-2 Flashcards
What does the term “superior” mean in anatomical terminology?
Above or towards the head
Define and demonstrate terms of movements as related to joints.
Flexion/extension (sagittal plane), abduction/adduction (coronal plane), circumduction, rotation, pronation, and supination.
Which tissue allows information to be quickly sent around the body?
Nervous tissue.
What are movements in the sagittal plane?
Flexion and extension.
What does the term “lateral” mean in anatomical terminology?
Farther from the midline of the body.
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, forms secretory glands, provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and produces specialized secretions.
What does the term “deep” mean in anatomical terminology?
Farther from the surface of the skin.
How do atoms, molecules, cells, and tissues relate to each other?
Atoms combine to form molecules, which interact to form cells that can secrete and regulate. These cells and extracellular materials and fluids combine to form tissues.
What is the transverse plane?
The plane that divides the body into top and bottom sections.
What does the term “proximal” mean in anatomical terminology?
Closer to the point of attachment or origin.
What does the term “anterior” mean in anatomical terminology?
Towards the front of the body.
Define terms used to describe spatial and positional relationships of structures.
Anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep.
What responses are coordinated by the Heat-Gain centre when body temperature lowers?
Behavioral changes, vasoconstriction, reduced sweat production, shivering, and goosebumps.
What is dorsiflexion?
Bringing the toes up towards the face.
What does the term “superficial” mean in anatomical terminology?
Closer to the surface of the skin.
What are the functions of nervous tissue?
Conducts electrical impulses and carries information.
What does the term “distal” mean in anatomical terminology?
Farther from the point of attachment or origin.
Which tissue is the most common in the body?
Muscle tissue (50%).
What is abduction?
Moving a limb towards the midline of the body.
What is inversion?
Turning the sole of the foot towards the midline.
What is plantarflexion?
Pointing the toes towards the ground.
What is homeostasis?
It supports normal function of body systems by maintaining conditions in the internal environment through regulatory mechanisms.
Which tissue forms glands?
Epithelial tissue.
Which tissue is the least common in the body?
Nervous tissue (2%).
What does the term “medial” mean in anatomical terminology?
Closer to the midline of the body.
What does the term “inferior” mean in anatomical terminology?
Below or towards the feet.
Why is knowing terminology important in anatomy?
It allows effective communication and avoids vague descriptions or directions.
What types of connective tissue are there?
Connective tissue proper (loose: areolar, adipose, reticular; dense: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic), fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph), and supporting connective tissues (cartilage: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage; bone).
Which tissue includes blood and lymph?
Connective tissue.
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
Contracts to produce movement.
What is pronation?
Turning the palms to face posteriorly
What are some examples of set-points in homeostasis?
Temperature, ion concentrations (calcium, potassium, sodium), blood sugar levels, and fluid balance.
What are movements in the coronal plane?
Abduction and adduction.
What body parts are included in the upper limb?
Arm, forearm, and hand.
What is the sagittal plane?
The plane that divides the body into left and right sections.
What body parts are included in the lower limb?
Thigh, leg, and foot.
What is rotation in anatomical movement?
Movement around the long axis of a joint.
What is supination?
Turning the palms to face anteriorly.
What is the correct anatomical position?
Upright, facing forwards, feet together, palms facing forwards.
What is extension?
Increasing the angle between two body parts.
What is adduction?
Moving a limb towards the midline of the body.
What does the term “posterior” mean in anatomical terminology?
Towards the back of the body.
What responses are coordinated by the Heat-Loss centre when body temperature rises?
Behavioral changes, vasodilation, shunting of blood to the skin, sweat production, and respiratory heat loss.
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle between two body parts.
What percentage of tissue in the human body is epithelial tissue?
3%
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
What is eversion?
Turning the sole of the foot away from the midline.
Which tissue can be divided into skeletal, cardiac, and smooth?
Muscle tissue.
What percentage of tissue in the human body is connective tissue?
45%
What is the coronal plane?
The plane that divides the body into front and back sections.
Which tissues would you find in your knee joint?
Connective tissue (including cartilage and bone), muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
What percentage of tissue in the human body is nervous tissue?
2%
What percentage of tissue in the human body is muscle tissue?
50%
What is feedback in homeostasis?
When a controlled variable moves too far from the set point and the body responds to bring it back to normal.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy, establishes a structural framework for the body, transports fluids and dissolved materials, protects delicate organs, supports, surrounds, and interconnects other types of tissues, stores energy (especially in the form of triglycerides), and defends the body from invading microorganisms.
What structures are included in epithelial tissue?
Epithelia and glands (exocrine and endocrine).
What is circumduction?
A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
What is feedforward in homeostasis?
Anticipation of an event that will alter a controlled variable, leading to actions that minimize the effect.
