Lectures 1-11 Flashcards
What structures are included in epithelial tissue?
Epithelia and glands (exocrine and endocrine).
Why do we take samples in statistics?
Samples are taken to make inferences about the entire population without having to study everyone.
What is the role of tendons in skeletal muscles?
Connect muscles to bones.
What is the origin, insertion, and movement of the tibialis anterior?
Origin: Tibia. Insertion: Tarsals. Movement: Ankle dorsiflexion.
What is adduction?
Moving a limb towards the midline of the body.
Where are ion reserves primarily located?
In the bones of the skeleton.
What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?
No net flow of water, cell remains stable.
What is inversion?
Turning the sole of the foot towards the midline.
Which tissue can be divided into skeletal, cardiac, and smooth?
Muscle tissue.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of and what is its function?
Consists of the limb bones; it is important for movement.
What are movements in the sagittal plane?
Flexion and extension.
Describe long bones.
Longer than they are wide, with wider epiphyses and a longer diaphysis; act as levers for movement and are mostly limb bones.
What is supination?
Turning the palms to face anteriorly.
How do atoms, molecules, cells, and tissues relate to each other?
Atoms combine to form molecules, which interact to form cells that can secrete and regulate. These cells and extracellular materials and fluids combine to form tissues.
What happens at the knee during mid stance?
The knee moves from extension into slight flexion, with hamstrings and gastrocnemius as agonists.
What is required to maintain bone homeostasis?
Adequate dietary calcium and moderate exercise.
Where are the secondary ossification centers located, and what is their function?
In the epiphyses; they enable bone growth in length through the epiphyseal/growth plate.
What are some examples of set-points in homeostasis?
Temperature, ion concentrations (calcium, potassium, sodium), blood sugar levels, and fluid balance.
What is the ankle’s position during late swing?
The ankle is in dorsiflexion, with tibialis anterior as the agonist and triceps surae stabilizing the joint for heel strike.
What percentage of tissue in the human body is epithelial tissue?
3%
Describe the microscopic structure of bones.
Compact bone has osteons with central canals, lamellae, lacunae, and canaliculi; cancellous bone has trabeculae with marrow and osteocytes.
Describe fibrous joints.
Made of DFCT, limit movement, provide stability (e.g., skull sutures).
What is the resting membrane potential?
The electrical gradient when the cell is at rest, with the inside of the cell more negatively charged than the outside.