Lectures 1-4 Flashcards
Where is compact bone found and what is its function?
Found in the diaphysis; it is strong and good at transmitting force in one direction.
What percentage of tissue in the human body is muscle tissue?
50%
Where is cancellous bone found and what is its function?
Found in the epiphyses; it is light, spongy, and good for shock absorption.
Which tissue is the least common in the body?
Nervous tissue (2%).
What does the term “posterior” mean in anatomical terminology?
Towards the back of the body.
What does the term “deep” mean in anatomical terminology?
Farther from the surface of the skin.
Why is knowing terminology important in anatomy?
It allows effective communication and avoids vague descriptions or directions.
What are the two extracellular components of bone?
Organic (33%) and inorganic (67%).
What are the components of an osteon?
Central canal (with blood vessels and nerves), lamellae (cylinders of ECM), lacunae (for osteocytes), and canaliculi (channels for osteocytes).
What are the functions of nervous tissue?
Conducts electrical impulses and carries information.
What is supination?
Turning the palms to face anteriorly.
What percentage of a bone’s weight is cellular, and what are the types of cells involved?
2%; includes Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts.
How many bones are in the hands and feet?
Hands: 27 bones each (8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges); Feet: 26 bones each (7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges).
What does the term “superior” mean in anatomical terminology?
Above or towards the head
Describe the structure and function of the rib cage.
Made up of ribs and sternum; protects major organs like the heart and lungs.
What does the term “proximal” mean in anatomical terminology?
Closer to the point of attachment or origin.
Describe the functions of the skeletal system.
Support, movement, protection, storage of minerals, and red blood cell formation.
What is feedforward in homeostasis?
Anticipation of an event that will alter a controlled variable, leading to actions that minimize the effect.
What makes up the inorganic component of bone?
Hydroxyapatite and other calcium minerals; it makes bone hard and resistant to compression.
What happens during bone remodelling?
Osteoblasts add bone matrix to the surface, and osteoclasts remove bone from the medullary cavity.
What is the function of trabeculae in cancellous bone?
Resist force from multiple directions and spread force distally.
What are movements in the sagittal plane?
Flexion and extension.
How do atoms, molecules, cells, and tissues relate to each other?
Atoms combine to form molecules, which interact to form cells that can secrete and regulate. These cells and extracellular materials and fluids combine to form tissues.
What is the transverse plane?
The plane that divides the body into top and bottom sections.
What makes up the organic component of bone?
Collagen and ground substance (proteoglycans); it resists tension.
Describe short bones.
Nearly equal in width and length, mostly cancellous bone; they are weight-bearing (e.g., carpals and tarsals).
Describe long bones.
Longer than they are wide, with wider epiphyses and a longer diaphysis; act as levers for movement and are mostly limb bones.
What are the classes of bones?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
What types of connective tissue are there?
Connective tissue proper (loose: areolar, adipose, reticular; dense: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic), fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph), and supporting connective tissues (cartilage: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage; bone).
Which tissue is the most common in the body?
Muscle tissue (50%).
Describe the pectoral girdle.
Made up of the clavicle and scapula; provides stability and muscle attachments.
What body parts are included in the upper limb?
Arm, forearm, and hand.
What are some adaptations for bipedalism in humans?
Hands-free movement, less stability in hands, and fingers adapted for manipulation and precision.
Which tissue can be divided into skeletal, cardiac, and smooth?
Muscle tissue.
Which tissue includes blood and lymph?
Connective tissue.
What is the role of Osteoblasts?
They produce new bone matrix.
What is an osteon, and what is its function?
A lengthwise unit in compact bone; provides a pathway for nutrients to cells in the ECM.
What is required to maintain bone homeostasis?
Adequate dietary calcium and moderate exercise.
Describe a bone pathology related to lack of homeostasis.
Osteoporosis, caused by more Osteoclast activity than Osteoblast activity, leading to thinning trabeculae and increased fracture risk.
How is bone homeostasis maintained?
Balance between Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity, allowing constant bone formation and destruction.
What does the term “medial” mean in anatomical terminology?
Closer to the midline of the body.
What is the correct anatomical position?
Upright, facing forwards, feet together, palms facing forwards.
What is the main difference between the radius and ulna vs. the tibia and fibula?
The radius and ulna can supinate and pronate, allowing for wrist mobility, while the tibia and fibula provide stability with no pronation or supination.
How does bone maintain homeostasis?
By balancing Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity to regulate bone formation and destruction.
What are the connections between the limbs and the axial skeleton?
The pectoral (shoulder) girdle and the pelvic girdle.
Describe the structure of limb bones.
Each limb has a single proximal long bone (humerus/femur), two distal long bones (ulna and radius/tibia and fibula), and bones of the hands and feet.
What does the term “superficial” mean in anatomical terminology?
Closer to the surface of the skin.
What is adduction?
Moving a limb towards the midline of the body.
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle between two body parts.
What is dorsiflexion?
Bringing the toes up towards the face.
Describe the structure and function of the vertebral column.
Made up of 24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx; supports the head and trunk, and allows muscle and ligament attachments.
What is the function of bone cells?
They respond to external forces, change shape, remodel, and repair themselves.
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, forms secretory glands, provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and produces specialized secretions.
What is the role of Osteogenic cells?
They are stem cells that produce osteoblasts.
What responses are coordinated by the Heat-Loss centre when body temperature rises?
Behavioral changes, vasodilation, shunting of blood to the skin, sweat production, and respiratory heat loss.
Describe the microscopic structure of bones.
Compact bone has osteons with central canals, lamellae, lacunae, and canaliculi; cancellous bone has trabeculae with marrow and osteocytes.
What does the term “inferior” mean in anatomical terminology?
Below or towards the feet.
What does the term “lateral” mean in anatomical terminology?
Farther from the midline of the body.
What is the sagittal plane?
The plane that divides the body into left and right sections.
Describe the structure of cancellous bone.
Contains trabeculae (struts of lamella bone), marrow in cavities, and osteocytes in lacunae or on the surface.
What is feedback in homeostasis?
When a controlled variable moves too far from the set point and the body responds to bring it back to normal.
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact bone and cancellous/trabecular bone.
What is plantarflexion?
Pointing the toes towards the ground.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
What percentage of tissue in the human body is nervous tissue?
2%
What is inversion?
Turning the sole of the foot towards the midline.
What is pronation?
Turning the palms to face posteriorly
What is abduction?
Moving a limb towards the midline of the body.
What responses are coordinated by the Heat-Gain centre when body temperature lowers?
Behavioral changes, vasoconstriction, reduced sweat production, shivering, and goosebumps.
Describe the structure of compact bone.
Dense outer surfaces (periosteum), visible foramina for blood supply, made up of osteons with circumferential lamellae.
Define and demonstrate terms of movements as related to joints.
Flexion/extension (sagittal plane), abduction/adduction (coronal plane), circumduction, rotation, pronation, and supination.
What is the difference in structure between compact and cancellous bone?
Compact bone has an osteon structure; cancellous bone has a trabecular structure.
Describe irregular bones.
Various shapes and functions; they often have foramina (holes).
Which tissue allows information to be quickly sent around the body?
Nervous tissue.
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of and what is its function?
Consists of the limb bones; it is important for movement.
Describe the pelvic girdle.
Made up of the two hip bones and the sacrum; supports weight-bearing.
Who is more likely to develop Osteoporosis and why?
Biological females, especially postmenopausal, due to a loss of oestrogen and lifestyle factors (lack of exercise, poor nutrition, alcohol, smoking).
What body parts are included in the lower limb?
Thigh, leg, and foot.
What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy, establishes a structural framework for the body, transports fluids and dissolved materials, protects delicate organs, supports, surrounds, and interconnects other types of tissues, stores energy (especially in the form of triglycerides), and defends the body from invading microorganisms.
Define terms used to describe spatial and positional relationships of structures.
Anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep.
What is rotation in anatomical movement?
Movement around the long axis of a joint.
Describe the gross structure of bones and explain how they reflect their functions.
Compact bone is strong for force transmission; cancellous bone is light and spongy for shock absorption.
What does the term “anterior” mean in anatomical terminology?
Towards the front of the body.
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Support, movement, protection, storage of minerals, and red blood cell formation.
What is the coronal plane?
The plane that divides the body into front and back sections.
Describe the different classes of bone in the human skeleton and explain how their shape relates to function.
Long bones (movement), short bones (weight-bearing), flat bones (muscle attachment and protection), irregular bones (varied functions).
What are some examples of set-points in homeostasis?
Temperature, ion concentrations (calcium, potassium, sodium), blood sugar levels, and fluid balance.
What structures are included in epithelial tissue?
Epithelia and glands (exocrine and endocrine).
What is circumduction?
A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
What does the axial skeleton consist of and what is its function?
Consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage; it protects vital organs.
Which tissues would you find in your knee joint?
Connective tissue (including cartilage and bone), muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
Which tissue forms glands?
Epithelial tissue.
What is homeostasis?
It supports normal function of body systems by maintaining conditions in the internal environment through regulatory mechanisms.
What does the term “distal” mean in anatomical terminology?
Farther from the point of attachment or origin.
What causes Osteoporosis?
More Osteoclast activity than Osteoblast activity, leading to a loss of cortical bone and thinning of trabeculae.
Describe flat bones.
Thin plates of compact bone (with some cancellous); they function for muscle attachment and protection (e.g., scapula, skull, sternum).
What is the role of Osteocytes?
They recycle protein and minerals from the matrix.
What is extension?
Increasing the angle between two body parts.
Describe the structure and function of the skull.
Made up of the cranium and facial bones; protects the brain and supports sensory organs.
What is eversion?
Turning the sole of the foot away from the midline.
What percentage of tissue in the human body is connective tissue?
45%
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
Contracts to produce movement.
What are movements in the coronal plane?
Abduction and adduction.
Identify the major bones of the skeleton, and understand why/how some are sexually dimorphic.
Major bones include the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and limb bones. Sexual dimorphism is seen in the pelvis to accommodate childbirth in females.
What percentage of tissue in the human body is epithelial tissue?
3%
How do male and female pelvises differ?
Female pelvises have a more circular pelvic cavity, a larger pubic angle, and a more open pelvic outlet to accommodate childbirth.
What is the role of Osteoclasts?
They remove bone matrix.
