Lecture 3

Question 1

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

Support, movement, protection, storage of minerals, and red blood cell formation.

Question 2

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Answer 2

Compact bone and cancellous/trabecular bone.

Question 3

Where is compact bone found and what is its function?

Answer 3

Found in the diaphysis; it is strong and good at transmitting force in one direction.

Question 4

Where is cancellous bone found and what is its function?

Answer 4

Found in the epiphyses; it is light, spongy, and good for shock absorption.

Question 5

What are the classes of bones?

Answer 5

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.

Question 6

Describe long bones.

Answer 6

Longer than they are wide, with wider epiphyses and a longer diaphysis; act as levers for movement and are mostly limb bones.

Question 7

Describe short bones.

Answer 7

Nearly equal in width and length, mostly cancellous bone; they are weight-bearing (e.g., carpals and tarsals).

Question 8

Describe flat bones.

Answer 8

Thin plates of compact bone (with some cancellous); they function for muscle attachment and protection (e.g., scapula, skull, sternum).

Question 9

Describe irregular bones.

Answer 9

Various shapes and functions; they often have foramina (holes).

Question 10

What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?

Answer 10

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

Question 11

What does the axial skeleton consist of and what is its function?

Answer 11

Consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage; it protects vital organs.

Question 12

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of and what is its function?

Answer 12

Consists of the limb bones; it is important for movement.

Question 13

Describe the structure and function of the skull.

Answer 13

Made up of the cranium and facial bones; protects the brain and supports sensory organs.

Question 14

Describe the structure and function of the vertebral column.

Answer 14

Made up of 24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx; supports the head and trunk, and allows muscle and ligament attachments.

Question 15

Describe the structure and function of the rib cage.

Answer 15

Made up of ribs and sternum; protects major organs like the heart and lungs.

Question 16

Describe the structure of limb bones.

Answer 16

Each limb has a single proximal long bone (humerus/femur), two distal long bones (ulna and radius/tibia and fibula), and bones of the hands and feet.

Question 17

What is the main difference between the radius and ulna vs. the tibia and fibula?

Answer 17

The radius and ulna can supinate and pronate, allowing for wrist mobility, while the tibia and fibula provide stability with no pronation or supination.

Question 18

How many bones are in the hands and feet?

Answer 18

Hands: 27 bones each (8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges); Feet: 26 bones each (7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges).

Question 19

What are the connections between the limbs and the axial skeleton?

Answer 19

The pectoral (shoulder) girdle and the pelvic girdle.

Question 20

Describe the pectoral girdle.

Answer 20

Made up of the clavicle and scapula; provides stability and muscle attachments.

Question 21

Describe the pelvic girdle.

Answer 21

Made up of the two hip bones and the sacrum; supports weight-bearing.

Question 22

How do male and female pelvises differ?

Answer 22

Female pelvises have a more circular pelvic cavity, a larger pubic angle, and a more open pelvic outlet to accommodate childbirth.

Question 23

What are some adaptations for bipedalism in humans?

Answer 23

Hands-free movement, less stability in hands, and fingers adapted for manipulation and precision.

Question 24

Describe the functions of the skeletal system.

Answer 24

Support, movement, protection, storage of minerals, and red blood cell formation.

Question 25

Describe the gross structure of bones and explain how they reflect their functions.

Answer 25

Compact bone is strong for force transmission; cancellous bone is light and spongy for shock absorption.

Question 26

Describe the different classes of bone in the human skeleton and explain how their shape relates to function.

Answer 26

Long bones (movement), short bones (weight-bearing), flat bones (muscle attachment and protection), irregular bones (varied functions).

Question 27

Identify the major bones of the skeleton, and understand why/how some are sexually dimorphic.

Answer 27

Major bones include the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and limb bones. Sexual dimorphism is seen in the pelvis to accommodate childbirth in females.