Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Support, movement, protection, storage of minerals, and red blood cell formation.
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact bone and cancellous/trabecular bone.
Where is compact bone found and what is its function?
Found in the diaphysis; it is strong and good at transmitting force in one direction.
Where is cancellous bone found and what is its function?
Found in the epiphyses; it is light, spongy, and good for shock absorption.
What are the classes of bones?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
Describe long bones.
Longer than they are wide, with wider epiphyses and a longer diaphysis; act as levers for movement and are mostly limb bones.
Describe short bones.
Nearly equal in width and length, mostly cancellous bone; they are weight-bearing (e.g., carpals and tarsals).
Describe flat bones.
Thin plates of compact bone (with some cancellous); they function for muscle attachment and protection (e.g., scapula, skull, sternum).
Describe irregular bones.
Various shapes and functions; they often have foramina (holes).
What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
What does the axial skeleton consist of and what is its function?
Consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage; it protects vital organs.
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of and what is its function?
Consists of the limb bones; it is important for movement.
Describe the structure and function of the skull.
Made up of the cranium and facial bones; protects the brain and supports sensory organs.
Describe the structure and function of the vertebral column.
Made up of 24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx; supports the head and trunk, and allows muscle and ligament attachments.
Describe the structure and function of the rib cage.
Made up of ribs and sternum; protects major organs like the heart and lungs.
Describe the structure of limb bones.
Each limb has a single proximal long bone (humerus/femur), two distal long bones (ulna and radius/tibia and fibula), and bones of the hands and feet.
What is the main difference between the radius and ulna vs. the tibia and fibula?
The radius and ulna can supinate and pronate, allowing for wrist mobility, while the tibia and fibula provide stability with no pronation or supination.
How many bones are in the hands and feet?
Hands: 27 bones each (8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges); Feet: 26 bones each (7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges).
What are the connections between the limbs and the axial skeleton?
The pectoral (shoulder) girdle and the pelvic girdle.
Describe the pectoral girdle.
Made up of the clavicle and scapula; provides stability and muscle attachments.
Describe the pelvic girdle.
Made up of the two hip bones and the sacrum; supports weight-bearing.
How do male and female pelvises differ?
Female pelvises have a more circular pelvic cavity, a larger pubic angle, and a more open pelvic outlet to accommodate childbirth.
What are some adaptations for bipedalism in humans?
Hands-free movement, less stability in hands, and fingers adapted for manipulation and precision.
Describe the functions of the skeletal system.
Support, movement, protection, storage of minerals, and red blood cell formation.
Describe the gross structure of bones and explain how they reflect their functions.
Compact bone is strong for force transmission; cancellous bone is light and spongy for shock absorption.
Describe the different classes of bone in the human skeleton and explain how their shape relates to function.
Long bones (movement), short bones (weight-bearing), flat bones (muscle attachment and protection), irregular bones (varied functions).
Identify the major bones of the skeleton, and understand why/how some are sexually dimorphic.
Major bones include the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and limb bones. Sexual dimorphism is seen in the pelvis to accommodate childbirth in females.
