Lecture 1-14 Flashcards
What is tetanus in muscle contraction?
The maximal signaling and contraction capability of the muscle.
What event allows a cross-bridge to form?
The presence of calcium.
What structures are included in epithelial tissue?
Epithelia and glands (exocrine and endocrine).
What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
What is the origin, insertion, and movement of the triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus)?
Origin: Femur condyles (gastrocnemius) and tibia/fibula (soleus). Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles tendon. Movement: Knee flexion (gastrocnemius) and ankle plantarflexion.
What is an osteon, and what is its function?
A lengthwise unit in compact bone; provides a pathway for nutrients to cells in the ECM.
What are the characteristics of slow muscle fibres?
They supply steady force and are slow to tire.
What are the functions of nervous tissue?
Conducts electrical impulses and carries information.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy, establishes a structural framework for the body, transports fluids and dissolved materials, protects delicate organs, supports, surrounds, and interconnects other types of tissues, stores energy (especially in the form of triglycerides), and defends the body from invading microorganisms.
Where are Na+ and K+ ions located at rest?
Na+ is outside the cell, and K+ is inside the cell.
What is the origin, insertion, and movement of the biceps brachii?
Origin: Scapula. Insertion: Radial tuberosity. Movement: Flexion at the shoulder and elbow, supination at the radioulnar joints.
What does the term “distal” mean in anatomical terminology?
Farther from the point of attachment or origin.
What is the role of Osteocytes?
They recycle protein and minerals from the matrix.
What is the function of bone cells?
They respond to external forces, change shape, remodel, and repair themselves.
Which tissue allows information to be quickly sent around the body?
Nervous tissue.
How does the line of gravity affect the knee joint in bipedal standing?
It is anterior to the knee joint, pushing it into extension and locking it without energy expenditure.
Why do we take samples in statistics?
Samples are taken to make inferences about the entire population without having to study everyone.
What is inversion?
Turning the sole of the foot towards the midline.
Where are the secondary ossification centers located, and what is their function?
In the epiphyses; they enable bone growth in length through the epiphyseal/growth plate.
Describe irregular bones.
Various shapes and functions; they often have foramina (holes).
What is feedback in homeostasis?
When a controlled variable moves too far from the set point and the body responds to bring it back to normal.
What is adduction?
Moving a limb towards the midline of the body.
Where are ion reserves primarily located?
In the bones of the skeleton.
Define terms used to describe spatial and positional relationships of structures.
Anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep.