Lecture 1-14 Flashcards
What is tetanus in muscle contraction?
The maximal signaling and contraction capability of the muscle.
What event allows a cross-bridge to form?
The presence of calcium.
What structures are included in epithelial tissue?
Epithelia and glands (exocrine and endocrine).
What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
What is the origin, insertion, and movement of the triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus)?
Origin: Femur condyles (gastrocnemius) and tibia/fibula (soleus). Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles tendon. Movement: Knee flexion (gastrocnemius) and ankle plantarflexion.
What is an osteon, and what is its function?
A lengthwise unit in compact bone; provides a pathway for nutrients to cells in the ECM.
What are the characteristics of slow muscle fibres?
They supply steady force and are slow to tire.
What are the functions of nervous tissue?
Conducts electrical impulses and carries information.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy, establishes a structural framework for the body, transports fluids and dissolved materials, protects delicate organs, supports, surrounds, and interconnects other types of tissues, stores energy (especially in the form of triglycerides), and defends the body from invading microorganisms.
Where are Na+ and K+ ions located at rest?
Na+ is outside the cell, and K+ is inside the cell.
What is the origin, insertion, and movement of the biceps brachii?
Origin: Scapula. Insertion: Radial tuberosity. Movement: Flexion at the shoulder and elbow, supination at the radioulnar joints.
What does the term “distal” mean in anatomical terminology?
Farther from the point of attachment or origin.
What is the role of Osteocytes?
They recycle protein and minerals from the matrix.
What is the function of bone cells?
They respond to external forces, change shape, remodel, and repair themselves.
Which tissue allows information to be quickly sent around the body?
Nervous tissue.
How does the line of gravity affect the knee joint in bipedal standing?
It is anterior to the knee joint, pushing it into extension and locking it without energy expenditure.
Why do we take samples in statistics?
Samples are taken to make inferences about the entire population without having to study everyone.
What is inversion?
Turning the sole of the foot towards the midline.
Where are the secondary ossification centers located, and what is their function?
In the epiphyses; they enable bone growth in length through the epiphyseal/growth plate.
Describe irregular bones.
Various shapes and functions; they often have foramina (holes).
What is feedback in homeostasis?
When a controlled variable moves too far from the set point and the body responds to bring it back to normal.
What is adduction?
Moving a limb towards the midline of the body.
Where are ion reserves primarily located?
In the bones of the skeleton.
Define terms used to describe spatial and positional relationships of structures.
Anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep.
What are the components of an osteon?
Central canal (with blood vessels and nerves), lamellae (cylinders of ECM), lacunae (for osteocytes), and canaliculi (channels for osteocytes).
What is extension?
Increasing the angle between two body parts.
Why is knowing terminology important in anatomy?
It allows effective communication and avoids vague descriptions or directions.
What is the ankle’s position during late stance, and which muscle is the agonist?
The ankle is in full plantarflexion with triceps surae as the agonist for propulsion.
What makes up the inorganic component of bone?
Hydroxyapatite and other calcium minerals; it makes bone hard and resistant to compression.
How can you recognize a normal curve?
A normal curve is a symmetric, bell-shaped curve centered around the mean.
What is dorsiflexion?
Bringing the toes up towards the face.
Describe the muscle activity at the hip during mid stance.
The hip continues moving into extension, with gluteus maximus and hamstrings as the agonists.
What is the difference in structure between compact and cancellous bone?
Compact bone has an osteon structure; cancellous bone has a trabecular structure.
What is the function of cartilaginous joints?
To allow some movement, found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.
What body parts are included in the lower limb?
Thigh, leg, and foot.
What is the generic formula for calculating a confidence interval?
The generic formula is:
SampleMean±(CriticalValue×StandardError).
What is the equation of a regression line?
The equation of a regression line is y = a + b × x, where a is the intercept, b is the slope, and x is the variable.
What occurs during depolarization?
Positive ions enter the cell, signaling excitable cells.
What makes up the organic component of bone?
Collagen and ground substance (proteoglycans); it resists tension.
What does the term “superior” mean in anatomical terminology?
Above or towards the head
What does the axial skeleton consist of and what is its function?
Consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage; it protects vital organs.
What is the role of triceps surae during mid stance?
It continues to move the ankle into plantarflexion.
How do male and female pelvises differ?
Female pelvises have a more circular pelvic cavity, a larger pubic angle, and a more open pelvic outlet to accommodate childbirth.
What is recruitment in muscle force generation?
The process of activating more muscle fibres to produce more force.
What is the role of tendons in skeletal muscles?
Connect muscles to bones.
Describe the knee’s movement and muscle activity during late swing.
The knee moves from flexion into extension to prepare for heel strike, with quadriceps femoris as the agonist.
What percentage of tissue in the human body is epithelial tissue?
3%
Describe the microanatomy of tissues in joints.
Hyaline cartilage resists compression; fibrocartilage resists tension and compression; DFCT resists tension.
What is required to maintain bone homeostasis?
Adequate dietary calcium and moderate exercise.
What is rotation in anatomical movement?
Movement around the long axis of a joint.
What muscles stabilize the knee during early stance?
The quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius.
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of and what is its function?
Consists of the limb bones; it is important for movement.
What happens at the knee during mid stance?
The knee moves from extension into slight flexion, with hamstrings and gastrocnemius as agonists.
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
Contracts to produce movement.
Define tissue and structure.
Tissue: Cells grouped together in an organized manner (e.g., DFCT). Structure: Something formed of a tissue (e.g., ligament).
What is the function of trabeculae in cancellous bone?
Resist force from multiple directions and spread force distally.
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
What does the term “deep” mean in anatomical terminology?
Farther from the surface of the skin.
What does the term “anterior” mean in anatomical terminology?
Towards the front of the body.
What are some adaptations for bipedalism in humans?
Hands-free movement, less stability in hands, and fingers adapted for manipulation and precision.
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
To resist compression, mold bone surfaces at joints, and enable frictionless movement.
Describe the structure of cancellous bone.
Contains trabeculae (struts of lamella bone), marrow in cavities, and osteocytes in lacunae or on the surface.
What is a confidence interval?
A confidence interval is a range of values, derived from a sample, that is likely to contain the population parameter.
How does bone maintain homeostasis?
By balancing Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity to regulate bone formation and destruction.
What muscles are active at the hip during early swing?
Iliopsoas and rectus femoris as agonists, with gluteus maximus and hamstrings controlling the swing rate.
What is the difference between location (central tendency) and spread in statistics?
Location (central tendency) measures where the data centers (e.g., mean, median), while spread measures the variability or dispersion of the data (e.g., range, standard deviation).
What is the function of synovial joints?
To allow a lot of movement, found in most appendicular skeleton joints.
What is the primary site of ion loss?
The kidney.
What occurs at the hip during early stance?
The hip moves from flexion into extension with the help of gluteus maximus and hamstrings.
What are the classes of bones?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
What happens if there is an imbalance of water and solute concentrations across the cell membrane?
Water will move to balance the concentrations, affecting cell size and integrity.
What are movements in the sagittal plane?
Flexion and extension.
What is the knee’s position during mid swing, and which muscles are active?
The knee is in flexion with hamstrings and gastrocnemius as agonists.
What are muscle fibres and how are they organized in skeletal muscles?
Individual muscle cells that gather into bundles called fascicles, which bundle into muscles.
Describe the knee’s movement and muscle activity during early swing.
The knee is in flexion to lift the foot, with hamstrings and gastrocnemius as agonists.
What occurs during repolarization?
Positive ions are removed from the cell, returning to resting membrane potential.
What percentage of a bone’s weight is cellular, and what are the types of cells involved?
2%; includes Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts.
What types of connective tissue are there?
Connective tissue proper (loose: areolar, adipose, reticular; dense: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic), fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph), and supporting connective tissues (cartilage: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage; bone).
What are the roles of agonist, antagonist, stabilizer, and neutralizer muscles?
Agonist creates movement, antagonist opposes movement, stabilizer holds a joint still, neutralizer prevents unwanted movement.
What is the origin, insertion, and movement of the triceps brachii?
Origin: Scapula and humerus. Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna. Movement: Extension at the shoulder and elbow.
What is pronation?
Turning the palms to face posteriorly
What is the origin, insertion, and movement of the iliopsoas?
Origin: Iliac fossa and lumbar vertebrae. Insertion: Femur. Movement: Hip flexion.
Which tissue is the least common in the body?
Nervous tissue (2%).
What is the origin, insertion, and movement of the quadriceps femoris?
Origin: Ilium (rectus femoris) and femur (vastus muscles). Insertion: Tibial tuberosity. Movement: Hip flexion (rectus femoris) and knee extension.
Which tissue forms glands?
Epithelial tissue.
Define the basic pattern of the gait cycle.
The gait cycle includes the stance phase, swing phase, and transitions like heel strike and toe off.
Describe long bones.
Longer than they are wide, with wider epiphyses and a longer diaphysis; act as levers for movement and are mostly limb bones.
What happens at the hip during mid swing?
The hip remains in flexion, with iliopsoas and rectus femoris as agonists, and gluteus maximus and hamstrings controlling the swing rate.
What is bony congruence?
The sum of bone surfaces that form an articulation, requiring more soft tissue where there is less congruence.
Where is cancellous bone found and what is its function?
Found in the epiphyses; it is light, spongy, and good for shock absorption.
Describe the structure of compact bone.
Dense outer surfaces (periosteum), visible foramina for blood supply, made up of osteons with circumferential lamellae.
