Lectures 1-13 Flashcards
Describe the muscle activity at the hip during mid stance.
The hip continues moving into extension, with gluteus maximus and hamstrings as the agonists.
At what point in the cross-bridge cycle does the myofilament slide?
When the myosin head uses its stored energy to pull on the actin filament.
What responses are coordinated by the Heat-Gain centre when body temperature lowers?
Behavioral changes, vasoconstriction, reduced sweat production, shivering, and goosebumps.
What is circumduction?
A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
Describe the three types of joints.
Fibrous (least movement, provides stability), Cartilaginous (some movement, connected by fibrocartilage), and Synovial (most movement, made of various tissues).
Which tissue is the least common in the body?
Nervous tissue (2%).
Which tissue forms glands?
Epithelial tissue.
What are the two extracellular components of bone?
Organic (33%) and inorganic (67%).
What is DFCT, and what are its characteristics?
Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue; contains fibroblasts, collagen, and some elastin, resists tension, and has little vascularity.
What percentage of a bone’s weight is cellular, and what are the types of cells involved?
2%; includes Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts.
How many bones are in the hands and feet?
Hands: 27 bones each (8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges); Feet: 26 bones each (7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges).
What happens if there is an imbalance of water and solute concentrations across the cell membrane?
Water will move to balance the concentrations, affecting cell size and integrity.
What is the origin, insertion, and movement of the quadriceps femoris?
Origin: Ilium (rectus femoris) and femur (vastus muscles). Insertion: Tibial tuberosity. Movement: Hip flexion (rectus femoris) and knee extension.
What is a correct interpretation of a 95% confidence interval?
A correct interpretation is that we are 95% confident that the true population parameter lies within the interval.
Describe the structure and function of the vertebral column.
Made up of 24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx; supports the head and trunk, and allows muscle and ligament attachments.
Describe the microanatomy of tissues in joints.
Hyaline cartilage resists compression; fibrocartilage resists tension and compression; DFCT resists tension.
What causes Osteoporosis?
More Osteoclast activity than Osteoblast activity, leading to a loss of cortical bone and thinning of trabeculae.
What are muscle fibres and how are they organized in skeletal muscles?
Individual muscle cells that gather into bundles called fascicles, which bundle into muscles.
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
Contracts to produce movement.
What is an osteon, and what is its function?
A lengthwise unit in compact bone; provides a pathway for nutrients to cells in the ECM.
What is the role of Osteoclasts?
They remove bone matrix.
Where is smooth muscle found and is it under voluntary control?
Found in hollow organs (e.g., gut, blood vessels) and is not under voluntary control.
What are the key characteristics used to describe the distributions of population, sample, and sampling distribution?
Population is described by mean and standard deviation, sample by sample mean and sample standard deviation, and sampling distribution by the population mean (if unbiased) and standard error.
What is the sagittal plane?
The plane that divides the body into left and right sections.