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Lecture 1 HUBS191 > Lectures 1-3 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is feedback in homeostasis?

A

When a controlled variable moves too far from the set point and the body responds to bring it back to normal.

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2
Q

Describe the functions of the skeletal system.

A

Support, movement, protection, storage of minerals, and red blood cell formation.

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3
Q

How do atoms, molecules, cells, and tissues relate to each other?

A

Atoms combine to form molecules, which interact to form cells that can secrete and regulate. These cells and extracellular materials and fluids combine to form tissues.

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4
Q

What is feedforward in homeostasis?

A

Anticipation of an event that will alter a controlled variable, leading to actions that minimize the effect.

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5
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

The plane that divides the body into top and bottom sections.

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6
Q

What is abduction?

A

Moving a limb towards the midline of the body.

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7
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy, establishes a structural framework for the body, transports fluids and dissolved materials, protects delicate organs, supports, surrounds, and interconnects other types of tissues, stores energy (especially in the form of triglycerides), and defends the body from invading microorganisms.

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8
Q

What is the correct anatomical position?

A

Upright, facing forwards, feet together, palms facing forwards.

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9
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Pointing the toes towards the ground.

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10
Q

What responses are coordinated by the Heat-Loss centre when body temperature rises?

A

Behavioral changes, vasodilation, shunting of blood to the skin, sweat production, and respiratory heat loss.

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11
Q

Which tissue allows information to be quickly sent around the body?

A

Nervous tissue.

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12
Q

How many bones are in the hands and feet?

A

Hands: 27 bones each (8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges); Feet: 26 bones each (7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges).

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13
Q

Describe short bones.

A

Nearly equal in width and length, mostly cancellous bone; they are weight-bearing (e.g., carpals and tarsals).

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14
Q

What are the classes of bones?

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.

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15
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of and what is its function?

A

Consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage; it protects vital organs.

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16
Q

Describe the different classes of bone in the human skeleton and explain how their shape relates to function.

A

Long bones (movement), short bones (weight-bearing), flat bones (muscle attachment and protection), irregular bones (varied functions).

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17
Q

What are movements in the coronal plane?

A

Abduction and adduction.

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18
Q

Where is compact bone found and what is its function?

A

Found in the diaphysis; it is strong and good at transmitting force in one direction.

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19
Q

What is inversion?

A

Turning the sole of the foot towards the midline.

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20
Q

What does the term “distal” mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

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21
Q

What does the term “medial” mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Closer to the midline of the body.

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22
Q

What are the functions of nervous tissue?

A

Conducts electrical impulses and carries information.

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23
Q

What is flexion?

A

Decreasing the angle between two body parts.

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24
Q

Which tissue can be divided into skeletal, cardiac, and smooth?

A

Muscle tissue.

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25
Q

What does the term “deep” mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Farther from the surface of the skin.

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26
Q

What is adduction?

A

Moving a limb towards the midline of the body.

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27
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Bringing the toes up towards the face.

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28
Q

What is circumduction?

A

A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

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29
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, movement, protection, storage of minerals, and red blood cell formation.

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30
Q

What body parts are included in the lower limb?

A

Thigh, leg, and foot.

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31
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

The plane that divides the body into front and back sections.

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32
Q

What structures are included in epithelial tissue?

A

Epithelia and glands (exocrine and endocrine).

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33
Q

Which tissue includes blood and lymph?

A

Connective tissue.

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34
Q

What are the connections between the limbs and the axial skeleton?

A

The pectoral (shoulder) girdle and the pelvic girdle.

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35
Q

What percentage of tissue in the human body is nervous tissue?

A

2%

36
Q

What does the term “inferior” mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Below or towards the feet.

37
Q

What body parts are included in the upper limb?

A

Arm, forearm, and hand.

38
Q

Where is cancellous bone found and what is its function?

A

Found in the epiphyses; it is light, spongy, and good for shock absorption.

39
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

40
Q

What does the term “superficial” mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Closer to the surface of the skin.

41
Q

Describe the structure and function of the vertebral column.

A

Made up of 24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx; supports the head and trunk, and allows muscle and ligament attachments.

42
Q

What does the term “superior” mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Above or towards the head

43
Q

Define terms used to describe spatial and positional relationships of structures.

A

Anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep.

44
Q

What is extension?

A

Increasing the angle between two body parts.

45
Q

What are some adaptations for bipedalism in humans?

A

Hands-free movement, less stability in hands, and fingers adapted for manipulation and precision.

46
Q

What does the term “lateral” mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Farther from the midline of the body.

47
Q

What does the term “anterior” mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Towards the front of the body.

48
Q

What is rotation in anatomical movement?

A

Movement around the long axis of a joint.

49
Q

What is the primary function of muscle tissue?

A

Contracts to produce movement.

50
Q

What responses are coordinated by the Heat-Gain centre when body temperature lowers?

A

Behavioral changes, vasoconstriction, reduced sweat production, shivering, and goosebumps.

51
Q

How do male and female pelvises differ?

A

Female pelvises have a more circular pelvic cavity, a larger pubic angle, and a more open pelvic outlet to accommodate childbirth.

52
Q

What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

53
Q

Which tissue forms glands?

A

Epithelial tissue.

54
Q

Which tissue is the least common in the body?

A

Nervous tissue (2%).

55
Q

What percentage of tissue in the human body is connective tissue?

A

45%

56
Q

Describe the structure and function of the skull.

A

Made up of the cranium and facial bones; protects the brain and supports sensory organs.

57
Q

Describe long bones.

A

Longer than they are wide, with wider epiphyses and a longer diaphysis; act as levers for movement and are mostly limb bones.

58
Q

Describe the structure of limb bones.

A

Each limb has a single proximal long bone (humerus/femur), two distal long bones (ulna and radius/tibia and fibula), and bones of the hands and feet.

59
Q

Identify the major bones of the skeleton, and understand why/how some are sexually dimorphic.

A

Major bones include the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and limb bones. Sexual dimorphism is seen in the pelvis to accommodate childbirth in females.

60
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

The plane that divides the body into left and right sections.

61
Q

What does the term “proximal” mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

62
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

It supports normal function of body systems by maintaining conditions in the internal environment through regulatory mechanisms.

63
Q

What percentage of tissue in the human body is epithelial tissue?

A

3%

64
Q

Describe flat bones.

A

Thin plates of compact bone (with some cancellous); they function for muscle attachment and protection (e.g., scapula, skull, sternum).

65
Q

What is eversion?

A

Turning the sole of the foot away from the midline.

66
Q

What is the main difference between the radius and ulna vs. the tibia and fibula?

A

The radius and ulna can supinate and pronate, allowing for wrist mobility, while the tibia and fibula provide stability with no pronation or supination.

67
Q

What percentage of tissue in the human body is muscle tissue?

A

50%

68
Q

Describe the structure and function of the rib cage.

A

Made up of ribs and sternum; protects major organs like the heart and lungs.

69
Q

Define and demonstrate terms of movements as related to joints.

A

Flexion/extension (sagittal plane), abduction/adduction (coronal plane), circumduction, rotation, pronation, and supination.

70
Q

Describe the gross structure of bones and explain how they reflect their functions.

A

Compact bone is strong for force transmission; cancellous bone is light and spongy for shock absorption.

71
Q

What is supination?

A

Turning the palms to face anteriorly.

72
Q

What does the term “posterior” mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Towards the back of the body.

73
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of and what is its function?

A

Consists of the limb bones; it is important for movement.

74
Q

Which tissues would you find in your knee joint?

A

Connective tissue (including cartilage and bone), muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

75
Q

Which tissue is the most common in the body?

A

Muscle tissue (50%).

76
Q

Describe irregular bones.

A

Various shapes and functions; they often have foramina (holes).

77
Q

What is pronation?

A

Turning the palms to face posteriorly

78
Q

What types of connective tissue are there?

A

Connective tissue proper (loose: areolar, adipose, reticular; dense: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic), fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph), and supporting connective tissues (cartilage: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage; bone).

79
Q

Describe the pelvic girdle.

A

Made up of the two hip bones and the sacrum; supports weight-bearing.

80
Q

Describe the pectoral girdle.

A

Made up of the clavicle and scapula; provides stability and muscle attachments.

81
Q

What are movements in the sagittal plane?

A

Flexion and extension.

82
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, forms secretory glands, provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and produces specialized secretions.

83
Q

Why is knowing terminology important in anatomy?

A

It allows effective communication and avoids vague descriptions or directions.

84
Q

What are some examples of set-points in homeostasis?

A

Temperature, ion concentrations (calcium, potassium, sodium), blood sugar levels, and fluid balance.

85
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact bone and cancellous/trabecular bone.

Lecture 1 HUBS191 (77 decks)

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