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Biology 201 > Lecture Final Exam Review Sheet (54-56) > Flashcards

Lecture Final Exam Review Sheet (54-56) Flashcards

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1
Q

occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply

A

interspecific competition interaction (-/-)

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2
Q

what can strong competition lead to?

A

competitive exclusion

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3
Q

what is competitive exclusion?

A

local elimination of a competing species

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4
Q

what does the competitive exclusion principle state?

A

two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot exist in the same place

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5
Q

refers to an interaction in which one species, the predator, kills and eat the other, the prey

A

predation interaction (+/-)

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6
Q

what are some feeding adaption of predators?

A

claws, fangs and poison

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7
Q

what defensive adaptions do prey display? (2) (BMM)

A

1) behavioral adaption
2) morphilogical and physiological defensive adaption
3) mechanical and defense protects species such as skunks and porcupines

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8
Q

what type of behavioral adaptions do prey display? (5) (HFFSA)

A

1) hiding
2) fleeing
3) forming herds or schools
4) self-defense
5) alarm calls

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9
Q

what can animals with effective chemical defense often exhibit?

A

bright warming coloration called apesomatic coloration

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10
Q

what makes prey difficult to spot?

A

cryptic coloration or camouflage

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11
Q

in some cases how may species gain significant protection?

A

by mimicking the appearance of another species

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12
Q

what is a batesian mimicry?

A

when a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model

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13
Q

what can mimicry also be used by?

A

predators to approach prey

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14
Q

what is an example of mimicrys being used for predators to approach prey?

A

the mimic octopus can take on the appearance and movement of more than a dozen marine animals

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15
Q

what is a mullerian mimicry?

A

two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

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16
Q

what is an example of a mullerian mimicry?

A

the yellow jacket and cuckoo bee

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17
Q

refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eat part of a plant or alga

A

herbivory interaction (+/-)

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18
Q

what has herbivory interaction led to?

A

evolution of plant, and chemical defenses and adaption in herbivores.

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19
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another.

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20
Q

what is a species fundamental niche?

A

potentially occupied by that species

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21
Q

what is a species realized niche?

A

the niche actually occupied by that species

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22
Q

as a result of competition what may happen?

A

a species fundamental niche may differ from their realized niche

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23
Q

what is an example of a species fundamental niche differing from their realized niche as a result of competition?

A

the presence of one barnacle species limits the realized niche of another niche

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24
Q

when one organism, the parasite derives nourishment from another organism, its host which is harmed in the process

A

parasitism interaction (+/-)

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25
Q

parasites that live within the body of their host

A

endoparasites

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26
Q

parasites that live on the external surface of the host

A

ectoparasites

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27
Q

what do many parasites have?

A

complex life cycles involving a number of hosts

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28
Q

how do some parasites change the behavior of their host?

A

in a way that increases the likelihood that the parasite will be transmitted to the next host

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29
Q

what can parasites significantly effect?

A

the survival, reproduction density of their host population

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30
Q

an interspecific interaction that benefits both species

A

mutalistic symbiosis or mutualism interaction (+/+)

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31
Q

what can mutualism interaction be?

A

obligate or facultative

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32
Q

when one species cannot survive without the other

A

obligate

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33
Q

where both species can survive alone

A

facultative

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34
Q

when one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

A

commensalism interaction (+/0)

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35
Q

what is true of commensalism interaction and why?

A

it’s hard to document in nature because any close association likely affects both species

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36
Q

variety of species that make up a community

A

species diversity

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37
Q

two components of species diversity

A

1) species richness

2) relative abundance

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38
Q

what is species richness?

A

the number of different species in the community

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39
Q

what is relative abundance?

A

the portion that each species represents of all individuals in the community

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40
Q

what can two communities have when it comes to species diversity?

A

the same species richness but a different relative abundance

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41
Q

what do food chains link?

A

tropic levels from producers to top carnivores

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42
Q

the feeding relationships between organisms in a community

A

trophic structure

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43
Q

what is a key factor in community dynamics?

A

trophic structure

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44
Q

what is a food web?

A

a branching food chain with complex trophic interactions

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45
Q

how are food chains and food webs shaped?

A

food chains are linear and food webs are web shaped

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46
Q

what may species play a role at in a food web?

A

more than one trophic level (reason for food web)

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47
Q

how can a food web be simplified? (2) (GI)

A

1) grouping species with similar trophic relationships into broad functional groups
2) isolating portion of a community that interacts very little with the rest of the community

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48
Q

how big is each food chain in a food web?

A

only a few links long

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49
Q

what does the energetic hypothesis suggest?

A

that the length of a food chain is limited by inefficient energy transfer

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50
Q

how can the energetic hypothesis be tested?

A

by manipulating productivity

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51
Q

what is an example of the energetic hypothesis manipulating productivity?

A

researchers varied the amount of leaf litter available to consumers in tree-hole communities and measure the number of links in the chain

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52
Q

the sequence of community changes after a disturbance

A

ecological succession

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53
Q

when does primary succession occur?

A

when no soil exists when succession begins

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54
Q

what is primary succession a result of?

A

changes induced by the vegetation itself

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55
Q

on the glacial moraines what do pioneer species facilitate?

A

later arrivals by increasing soil nitrogen content

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56
Q

where does secondary succession begin?

A

in an area where soil remains after disturbance

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57
Q

what is an example of secondary succession?

A

abandoned agricultural land may return to its original state through secondary succession

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58
Q

what is an ecological niche?

A

the sum of species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources

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59
Q

what can an ecological niche also be thought of as?

A

an organism’s ecological role

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60
Q

how can ecologically similar species coexist in a community?

A

if there are one or more significant differences in their niches

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61
Q

differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community

A

resource partioning

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62
Q

what are dominant species?

A

most abundant species or have the highest biomass

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63
Q

what does hypothesis’ suggest about dominant species? (2)

A

1) they are most competitive in exploiting resources

2) they are most successful at avoiding predators

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64
Q

why may invasive species, typically introduced to a new environment by humans might become dominant?

A

because they lack predators or disease

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65
Q

what is one way to discover the impact of a dominant species?

A

remove it from the community

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66
Q

what is an example of removing a dominant species from a community to discover its impact?

A

introduction of chestnut blight to Eastern North America killed most of the dominant American chestnut trees

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67
Q

what type of effect does removing dominant species from community?

A

a small impact on some and a severe impact on others

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68
Q

what are keystone species?

A

exert strong control on a community by the ecological or niches

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69
Q

how does keystone species contrast from dominant species?

A

they aren’t necessarily abundant in a community

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70
Q

what do field studies of sea stars illustrate?

A

their role as a keystone species in intertidal communities

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71
Q

what does the bottom-up model propose?

A

an undirectional influence from higher to lower trophic levels

72
Q

what does the bottom-up model represent?

A

the presence of mineral nutrients (N) controls plant (V) numbers which control Herbivore (H) numbers in which control predator (P) numbers (N->V->H->P)

73
Q

what does the bottom-down model propose and what else is it known as?

A

that control comes from the trophic level above and is also known as trophic cascade model

74
Q

what does the bottom-down model represent?

A

predators limit herbivores, and plants limit nutrient levels (N

75
Q

what is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

A

states that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance.

76
Q

examples of interspecific interactions (3) (PHFSC)

A

1) predation
2) herbivory
3) facilitation
4) symbiosis
5) competition

77
Q

types of symbiosis (3) (PMC)

A

1) parasitism
2) mutualism
3) commensalism

78
Q

what do high levels of disturbance exclude?

A

many slow-growing species

79
Q

what do low levels of disturbance allow?

A

dominant species to exclude less competitive species

80
Q

Explain why species richness declines along an equatorial-polar gradient

A

species richness generally declines along an equatorial polar-gradient and is especially great in the tropics. two factors in equatorial-polar gradient are probably evolutionary history and climate.

81
Q

what are zoonotic pathogens transferred from?

A

other animals to humans

82
Q

what can the transfer of pathogens be?

A

direct or through an intermediate species called a vector

83
Q

what are many of today’s emerging diseases and what are some examples?

A

zoonotic (lyme disease, Zika and HIV)

84
Q

what can identifying the community of hosts and vectors for a pathogen help prevent?

A

disease

85
Q

what is an example of identifying the community of hosts and vectors to prevent disease?

A

recent studies identified two species of shrew as the primary hosts of the pathogen or lyme disease

86
Q

what is the avian flu?

A

a highly contagious virus of birds

87
Q

what are ecologists studying about the avian flu?

A

the potential spread of the virus from Asia to North America through migrating birds

88
Q

explain how the first law of thermodynamic apply to ecosystems?

A

amount of energy is constant. energy is passed in food chains Either it is stored or released to the environment.

89
Q

explain how the second law of thermodynamic apply to ecosystem?

A

energy is degraded when it is used. Most is lost as heat. 90% of the energy is lost at each trophic level.

90
Q

what is Gross Primary production (GPP)?

A

an ecosystem’s total primary production

91
Q

what is net primary production (NPP)?

A

GPP minus energy used by primary producers for respiration.

92
Q

what is only available to consumers?

A

NPP

93
Q

what do ecosystems vary greatly in?

A

NPP and contribution to the total NPP on Earth

94
Q

what is standing crop?

A

the total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs at a given time.

95
Q

why does energy flow in an ecosystem?

A

energy enters most ecosystems as sunlight and then is converted to chemical energy by autotrophs, passed to heterotrophs through organic molecules that make up food and finally dissepated as heat.

96
Q

why does nutrients cycle within an ecosystem?

A

chemical elements, including carbon and nitrogen, are cycled among biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem.

97
Q

what elements do photosynthetic organism incorporate into their biomass and then what is it consumed by?

A

air, soil and water and then is consumed by animals

98
Q

how are the elements that are incorporated into the biomass returned to the environment?

A

by the metabolism of plants and animals, as well as by bacteria and fungi.

99
Q

what factors may limit primary production in aquatic ecosystems?

A

light and nutrients

100
Q

how does light limit primary production in aquatic ecosystems?

A

the depth of light penetration affects primary production in the photic zone of an ocean or lake.

101
Q

how does nutrients limit primary production in aquatic ecosystems?

A

more than light, nutrients limit primary production in geographic regions in oceans and in lakes

102
Q

what are typically the nutrients that most often limit marine production?

A

nitrogen and phosphorous

103
Q

where are concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous very low and why?

A

in photic zones because they are taken up rapidly by phytoplankton and because detritus tends to sink

104
Q

where are nitrogen and phosphorous common?

A

in freshwater lakes

105
Q

what is primary production?

A

the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period

106
Q

in marine and freshwater ecosystems, what controls primary production?

A

light and nutrients

107
Q

what is secondary production?

A

amount of chemical energy in food converted to new biomass during a given period of time.

108
Q

when a caterpillar feeds on a leaf, how much of the leaf’s energy is used for secondary production?

A

only about one sixth

109
Q

what is production efficiency?

A

the fraction of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration

110
Q

what is trophic efficiency?

A

the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next

111
Q

what does trophic efficiency usually range from?

A

5-10%

112
Q

what is trophic efficiency multiplied over?

A

length of food chain

113
Q

explain why worldwide agriculture could feed more people if all humans consumed only plant material?

A

most of the energy is wasted by feeding grain to farm animals. Hogs and chicken are more efficient at making meat than cattle and fish are more efficient than the other.

114
Q

what are the four nutrient reservoirs? (WCNP)

A

1) water cycle
2) carbon cycle
3) nitrogen cycle
4) phosphorous cycle

115
Q

what is the biological importance of the water cycle?

A

essential for all organisms

116
Q

what forms of the water cycle are available to life?

A

liquid, vapor or frozen ice.

117
Q

reservoirs for the water cycle

A

1) oceans contain 97% water
2) 2% bound in glacier and polar ice caps
3) 1% in lakes, rivers and ground water

118
Q

key processes for the water cycle (4) (ECPT)

A

1) evaporation by H20 by solar energy
2) condensation of H20 vapor into clouds
3) precipitation
4) transpiration by plants moves volumes of H20 into atmosphere, surface and groundwater can flow into ocean completing cycle

119
Q

biological importance of the carbon cycle

A

framework of organic molecule essential to all organisms

120
Q

forms available to life in the carbon cycle

A

photosynthetic organisms utilize C02 during photosynthesis and convert carbon to organic forms used by consumers

121
Q

reservoirs in the carbon cycle (7) (FSSOPAS)

A

1) fossil fuels
2) soils
3) sediments of aquatic ecosystems
4) oceans
5) plants and animal biomass
6) atmosphere
7) sedimentary lock is the largest (limestone)

122
Q

key processes for the carbon cycle (3) (PVB)

A

1) photosynthesis by plants and phytoplankton remove atmospheric C02 (equal to the amount added by cellular respiration)
2) volcanoes are source
3) burning fossil fuels

123
Q

biological importance of the nitrogen cycle

A

part of amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids and is a limiting plant nutrient

124
Q

forms available to life of the nitrogen cycle (3) (TOB)

A

1) 2 inorganic forms: ammonium and nitrate
2) organic forms: amino acids
3) bacteria (animals use only organic forms)

125
Q

reservoirs for the nitrogen cycle (4) (8SSB)

A

1) 80% is in the atmosphere as nitrogen gas
2) soils and sediments of lakes, rivers and oceans
3) surface and ground water
4) biomass of living organisms

126
Q

key processes of the nitrogen cycle (7) (EFNPBBNR)

A

1) entrance is nitrogen fixation
2) fixed by lighting
3) nitrogen fertilizer
4) precipiation
5) blowing dust provides input of ammonium
6) nitrification converts ammonium to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria using nitrate as their metabolism instead of oxygen
7) releasing nitrogen gas

127
Q

conversion of nitrogen gas by bacteria to forms that can be used to synthesize nitrogenous organic compounds

A

nitrogen fixation

128
Q

biological importance of the phosphorous cycle

A

major constituent of nucleic acid, phospholipids, ATP and bones and teeth

129
Q

forms available to life in the phosphorous cycle

A

phosphate which plants absorb and use in the synthesis of organic compounds

130
Q

reservoirs for the phosphorous cycle (4) (SSOO)

A

1) sedimentary rocks (largest)
2) soils
3) oceans (dissolved)
4) organisms

131
Q

key processes for the phosphorous cycle (5) (WSPRD)

A

1) weathering of rocks adds phosphorous to soil
2) some may leach into ground and surface water and reach the sea
3) phosphate taken in by producers may be eaten by consumers
4) returned to soil through decomposition of biomass or excretion by consumers
5) dust and sea spray move small amounts through atmosphere

132
Q

explain why toxic compounds usually have the greatest effect on top-level carnivores

A

biological magnification

133
Q

process in which accumulated toxins become more harmful as they become more concentrated in successive trophic levels of a food web

A

biological magnification

134
Q

why does biological magnification occur?

A

because biomass at any given trophic level is produced from a much larger biomass ingested from the level below

135
Q

describe the causes and consequences of ozone depletion

A

results mainly from accumulation of CFCs (chemicals used in refrigerators and manufacturing)

136
Q

when breakdown of CFCs from these chemicals what happens?

A

they rise to the stratosphere, the chlorine reacts with the ozone, reducing molecular 02

137
Q

where is thinning (ozone depletion) most apparant?

A

Antartica and the hole is increased

138
Q

what does CFCs do to earth?

A

increases intensity of UV rays reaching Earth’s surface, increasing lethal and nonlethal forms of skin cancer and cataracts in humans

139
Q

what is conservation biology?

A

seeks to preserve life and integrates several fields

140
Q

what fields does conservation biology integrate? (5) (EPMGE)

A

1) ecology
2) physiology
3) molecular biology
4) genetics
5) evolutionary biology

141
Q

what is restoration ecology?

A

applies to ecological principles to return ecosystems that have been disturbed by human activity to a condition as similar as possible their natural state

142
Q

what are the three major threats to biodiversity? (HIO)

A

1) habitat destruction
2) introduced species
3) overexploitation

143
Q

how is habitat destruction a major threat to biodiversity and what is an example?

A

alteration of habitat
Ex: Prairie occupies less than 1% of original area in Wisconsin/ 93% of coral reefs have been damaged by human activities

144
Q

how is introduced species a major threat to biodiversity and what is an example?

A

humans move them from native location to new geographic area

ex: brown-tree snakes arriving in Guam as cargo ship stowaway

145
Q

how is overexploitation a major threat to biodiversity and what is an example?

A

human harvesting of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding ability of population of species to rebound
ex: fishing decreased population of bluefish tuna to feed human protein

146
Q

what is the small-population approach?

A

studies processes that can make small populations become extinct.

147
Q

what is a small population prone to?

A

interbreeding and genetic drift which draw it down an exctinction vortex

148
Q

what is the key factor driving the extinction vortex?

A

loss of genetic variation neccesary to enable evolutionary responses to environmental change

149
Q

do small population and low genetic diversity always lead to exctinction?

A

no not always

150
Q

minimum population size at which species can survive

A

Minimum Viable Population (MVP)

151
Q

what does the MVP depend on?

A

factors that affect a population’s chances of survival over a particular time

152
Q

what does the MVP require?

A

determining the effective population size

153
Q

what is the declining population approach?

A

focuses on threatened and endangered populations that show downward trend, regardless of population size

154
Q

what does the declining population approach emphasize?

A

factors that caused a population to decrease

155
Q

what steps does the declining population approach involve? (5) (CSDTA)

A

1) confirm that the population is in decline
2) study the species’ natural history
3) develop hypotheses for all possible causes of decline
4) test hypotheses in order of likeliness
5) apply the results of the diagnosis to manage for recovery

156
Q

what is the total population size?

A

the number of organisms inhabiting an ecosystem

157
Q

what is an effective population size?

A

a population’s breeding potential

158
Q

describe the conflicting demands that may accompany species conservation?

A

conservation requires conflict between habitat needs and of endangered species and human demands

159
Q

what is an example of conflicting demands accompanying species conservation?

A

US pacific Northwest Habitat preseravation is at odds with timber and mining industries

160
Q

describe biodiversity hot spots

A

a relatively small area with an exceptional concentration of endemic species and large number of endangered and threatened species

161
Q

why are biodiversity hot spots important?

A

good choices for nature reserves, but hard to identify (could be hot spot for more than one taxonomic group)

162
Q

what are zoned reserves?

A

an extensive region that includes areas relatively undisturbed by humans surrounded by areas that have been changed by human activity and are used for economic gain.

163
Q

what has become the world leader of establishing zoned reserves?

A

Small central American nation of Costa Rica

164
Q

what do buffer zones provide?

A

a steady, lasting supply of forest products, water and hyroelectric power as well as support agriculture and tourism

165
Q

what does Costa Rica hope to maintain?

A

at least 80% of its native species in its zoned reserves

166
Q

what is bioremediation?

A

use of organisms, usually prokaryotes, fungi or plants to detoxify polluted ecosystems.

167
Q

what do restoration ecologists use various type of to remove many different types of toxins from ecosystems?

A

organisms

168
Q

what is an example of restoration ecologists using organisms to remove many different types of toxins from ecosystems?

A

Some plants adapted to soils containing heavy metals are capable of accumulating high concentrations of potentially toxic metals

169
Q

what do restoration ecologists use to revegetate sites polluted by mining and then what do they do?

A

plants and then they harvest them to remove the metals from the ecosystem

170
Q

what is biological augmentation?

A

uses organisms to add essential materials to degraded ecosystem

171
Q

what does biological augmentation encourage the growth of and what does it speed up?

A

plants that thrive in nutrient-poor soils and often speeds up the rate of successional changes that can lead to recovery of damaged sites

172
Q

what is an example of biological augmentation encouraging the growth of plants that thrive in nutrient-poor soils?

A

rapid growth of indigenous plants alongside roads in Puerto Rico after colonization of the areas by nonnative plant that thrives on nitrogen-poor soils

173
Q

what did rapid buildup of organic material from the nonnative plants enable?

A

the indigenous plants to recolonize the area and overgrow the introduced species.

174
Q

describe the concept of sustainable development

A

development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations that meet their needs

175
Q

what must sustainable development connect?

A

life sciences with social sciences, economics and humanities.

176
Q

explain the goals of the sustainable biosphere initiative (2) (DS)

A

1) defines and acquires the basic ecological needs to develop, manage and conserve Earth’s resources as responsibly as possible.
2) studies global change

177
Q

how does the sustainable biosphere initiative study global change

A

1) interactions between climate and ecological processes
2) biological diversity and its role in maintaining ecological processes
3) ways in which productivity of natural and artificial ecosystems can be sustained.

Biology 201 (18 decks)

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