Lecture Exam #3 part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
are there exceptions to nearly every criteria for distinguishing animals from other life-forms
A
yes
2
Q
what defines a group?
A
several characteristics, taken together
3
Q
how do most animals reproduce?
A
sexually, with the diploid stage usually dominating the life cycle
4
Q
after a sperm fertilizes an egg in animals what happens/
A
the zygotes undergoes cleavage
5
Q
rapid cell division
A
cleavage
6
Q
what does cleavage lead to the formation of?
A
a multicellular hollow blastula
7
Q
what does the blastula undergo?
A
gastrulation
8
Q
after the bastula goes through gastrulation what does it form?
A
a gatrula with different layers of embryonic tissues
9
Q
characteristics of most animals (5) (MSSTC)
A
1) mobile
2) use strength
3) use speed
4) use toxins
5) use camaflogue to detect, capture and eat other organism
10
Q
what is an example of an animal using its traits to its advantage/
A
the chameleon captures insect prey with its long sticky, quick-moving tongue
11
Q
what type of nutritional mode do animals have?
A
they are heterotrophs that ingest their food
12
Q
what type of cells are animals?
A
multicellular eukaryotes
13
Q
what do animal cells lack?
A
cell walls
14
Q
what are animal bodies held together by?
A
structural protein such as collagen
15
Q
what is unique in animals and is the defining characteristic of animals?
A
nervous and muscle tissue
16
Q
groups of similar cells that acts a functional unit. collections of specialized cells
A
tissues
17
Q
what do most animals have at least one of?
A
larval stage
18
Q
sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult. it eventually undergoes metamophasis to become a juvenile
A
larva
19
Q
what does a juvenile larva resemble?
A
an adult, but s not yet sexually mature
20
Q
what do most animals and only animals have?
A
hox genes
21
Q
what do hox genes regulate?
A
the development of body form
22
Q
although the hox family of genes has been highly conserved, what can it produce?
A
a wide diversity of animal morphology
23
Q
when did the Cambrian explosion occur?
A
during the Paleozoic era
24
Q
what marks the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals?
A
the cambrian explosion
25
what are most of the fossils from the cambrian explosion?
bilaterians
26
what characteristics to the organisms from the cambrian explosion have? (bco)
1) bilaterally symmetric form
2) complete digestive tract
3) one-way digestive system
27
when did the common ancestor of all living animals live?
between 700 and 770 million years ago
28
during the neopreterzoic era what did early members of the animal fossil record include?
Edicaran biota
29
during the neopreterzoic era what evidence was found?
early animal embryos and evidence of predation found in neopreterzoic rocks
30
what does morphologial and molecular evidence point to?
a group of protists called chaonoflagellates as the closest living relative to animals
31
what may the protists called chaonglagellates resmeble?
modern chaonoglagellates
32
several hypothesis regarding the cause of the cambrian explosion and decline of Edicaran biota
1) new predator-prey relationships
2) a rise in atmospheric oxygen
3) the evolution of the hox gene complex
33
even though animal diversity continued to increase through the Paleozoic what was it punctuated by?
mass extinctions
34
when did animals begin to make an impact on land?
by 450 million years ago
35
when did verterbrates make the transition to land?
around 365 million years ago
36
what do zoologists sometimes categorize animals according to?
a body plan
37
a set of morphological and developmental traits
body plan
38
what is true of body plans?
some have been conserved and some have changed multiple times over the course of evolution
39
two-sided symmetry
bilateral symmetry
40
characteristics of a bilaterally symetrical animal (3) (DRI)
1) dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom side)
2) a right and left side
3) an anterior (front) and posterior (back) ends
41
what else might a bilaterally symmetrical animal have?
sensory equipment such as brain, concentrated in the anterior end
42
when did coral reefs emerge and what did they become important as?
mesozoic era becoming an important marine ecological niche for other organisms
43
what were and what happened to the ancestors of pleisiosaurs
they were reptiles that returned to water
44
during the Mesozoic era what were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates?
dinosaurs
45
what emerged during the Mesozoic era?
the first mammals
46
what diversified during the Mesozoic era?
plants and insects
47
what can animals be catergorized according to?
symmetry of their bodies or lack of it
48
animals with no front and back, or left and right
radial symmetry
49
what are radial animals usuallly?
sessile (dormant) or planktonic (drifting or weakly swimmin)
50
what are bilateral animals and what do they have that radial animals do not?
often move more actively and have a central nervous system
51
what did the beginning of the Cenozoic era follow?
mass extinctions of both terrestrial and marine animals
52
what do the exintctions during the Cenozoic era include?
large, nonflying dinosauras and marine reptiles
53
what happned to mammals during the Cenozoic era?
they increased in size and exploited vacated elcological niches
54
what happened o the global climate during the Cenozoic era?
it cooled
55
what varies according to the organization of the animal's tissues?
an animal's body plan
56
what are tissues isolated from and by what?
other tissues by membranous layers
57
during development of animals, what gives rise to the tissues and the organs of the animal embryo?
3 germ layers
58
the germ layers covering the embryo's surface
ectoderm
59
the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called the archentron
endoderm
60
based on early development what can many animals be categorized by?
as having protosome development or deuterostome development
61
what groups lack tissues?
sponges and a few others
62
animals that have an ectoderm and endoderm
diploblastic
63
what does diploblastic animals include?
cnidarians and few other groups
64
animals have an intervening layer called a mesoderm
triploblastic
65
what do triploblatic animals include?(3) (FAV)
1) flatworms
2) arthopods
3) vertebrates and others
66
a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm
pseudocoelom
67
what do triploblastic animals posses and what are they called?
a pseudocoelom called pseudocoelmates
68
what is cleavage in protostome development?
spiral and determinate
69
what is cleavage in deuterostome development?
radial and indeterminate
70
with inderminate cleavage what is each cell?
in the early stages of cleavage
71
what does cellsdeuterostome cleavage in its early stages show?
that it retains its capacity to devleop into a complete embryo
72
what does intermindate cleavage make possible?
identical twins and embryonic stem cells
73
what do most triploblastic animals possess?
a body cavity
74
what is a true body cavity called and what is it derived from?
a coelom and is derived from mesoderm
75
animals that possess a true coelom
coelomates
76
what are triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity called?
acoelomates
77
in protosome development how is the coelom formed?
by the splitting of solid masses of mesoderm
78
in deuteorstome how is the coelom formed?
the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archentron
79
what do phylogenies now combine?
morphological, molecular and fossil data
80
three clades of bilaterian (DEL)
1) deuterostomia
2) ecdysozoa
3) lophotrochozoa
81
what does dueterstomia include? (3) (HEC)
1) hemichordates (acorn worms)
2) echinoderms (seas stars and relatives)
3) chordates
82
what does the deuterstomia clade include?
both vertibrates and inverterbrates
83
when does the blastopore dorm and what does it connect to?
during gastrulation and connect the archentergon to the exterior of the gastrula
84
what happens to the blastophore in protostome devleopment?
it becomes the mouth
85
what happens to the blastophore in deuterostome development?
it becomes the anus
86
5 important points about animal phylogeny that are supported by systemic analysis of morphological characters and recent molecular studies (5) (ASEM3)
1) all animals share a common ancestor
2) sponges are basal animals
3) eumetazoa (true animals) is a clade of animals with true tissues
4) most animal phyla belong to the clade billateria
5) 3 major types of billaterial animals
87
what do the three major clades of bilaterian animals include?
all invertebrates (lacks back bone) except chordata which are vertebrates (have back bone)
88
clad of invertebraes that shed their exoskeleton through a process called ecdysis
ecdysozoa
89
a feeding structure that most lophtrochorozoans have
lophophore
90
whatdo other lophotrochozoa go through?
a distinct developmental stage called the trochophore larva
91
a group whose members share key biological features
grade
92
a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendents
clade
93
two grades that regard embryonic germ layers
1) diploblastic
| 2) trploblastic
94
what diplobastic include?
ectoderm and endoderm
95
what does triploblastic include?
ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
96
3 different grades of colemn
1) pseducolmates
2) colomates
3) acolemates
97
when determinate and sprial claeavage take place
protosome development
98
when radical and interminate cleavage take place
duetersome development
99
having two layers of embryoynic tissue layers, the ectoderm and endoderm
diploblastic
100
when there is a 3rd layer present, the mesoderm
triploblastic
101
describe the alternate classifications of acoelomate flatworms that are supported by systems analyses of morphological characters and recent molecular studies
recent research showed that they are basal bilaterians and not members of the phylum platyhelminthes.
102
what does the fact that recent research showing that acoelomate flatworms are basal bilaterians suggest/
that bilaterians may have descended from a common ancestor that resembled living acoelomate flatworms
103
how would living acoelomate resemble acoelomate flatworms?
they had a similar nervous system, saclike gut with a single opening and no excretory system
104
what was the different view that arose based on regarding relationships of annelids and arthropods that are supported by system analyses of morphological characters and recent molecular studies
1) ribosomal genes
2) hox genes
3) dozens of other protein coding nuclear genes
105
what did the studies about the relationships between annalids and arthropods indicate the 3 major clades are?
1) deuterostomia
2) lophotrochozoa
3) ecdysoszoa
106
are arthropods and annalids closely related to one another?
no
