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Biology 201 > Lecture Exam #3 part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #3 part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

are there exceptions to nearly every criteria for distinguishing animals from other life-forms

A

yes

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2
Q

what defines a group?

A

several characteristics, taken together

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3
Q

how do most animals reproduce?

A

sexually, with the diploid stage usually dominating the life cycle

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4
Q

after a sperm fertilizes an egg in animals what happens/

A

the zygotes undergoes cleavage

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5
Q

rapid cell division

A

cleavage

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6
Q

what does cleavage lead to the formation of?

A

a multicellular hollow blastula

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7
Q

what does the blastula undergo?

A

gastrulation

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8
Q

after the bastula goes through gastrulation what does it form?

A

a gatrula with different layers of embryonic tissues

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9
Q

characteristics of most animals (5) (MSSTC)

A

1) mobile
2) use strength
3) use speed
4) use toxins
5) use camaflogue to detect, capture and eat other organism

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10
Q

what is an example of an animal using its traits to its advantage/

A

the chameleon captures insect prey with its long sticky, quick-moving tongue

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11
Q

what type of nutritional mode do animals have?

A

they are heterotrophs that ingest their food

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12
Q

what type of cells are animals?

A

multicellular eukaryotes

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13
Q

what do animal cells lack?

A

cell walls

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14
Q

what are animal bodies held together by?

A

structural protein such as collagen

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15
Q

what is unique in animals and is the defining characteristic of animals?

A

nervous and muscle tissue

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16
Q

groups of similar cells that acts a functional unit. collections of specialized cells

A

tissues

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17
Q

what do most animals have at least one of?

A

larval stage

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18
Q

sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult. it eventually undergoes metamophasis to become a juvenile

A

larva

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19
Q

what does a juvenile larva resemble?

A

an adult, but s not yet sexually mature

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20
Q

what do most animals and only animals have?

A

hox genes

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21
Q

what do hox genes regulate?

A

the development of body form

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22
Q

although the hox family of genes has been highly conserved, what can it produce?

A

a wide diversity of animal morphology

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23
Q

when did the Cambrian explosion occur?

A

during the Paleozoic era

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24
Q

what marks the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals?

A

the cambrian explosion

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25
Q

what are most of the fossils from the cambrian explosion?

A

bilaterians

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26
Q

what characteristics to the organisms from the cambrian explosion have? (bco)

A

1) bilaterally symmetric form
2) complete digestive tract
3) one-way digestive system

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27
Q

when did the common ancestor of all living animals live?

A

between 700 and 770 million years ago

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28
Q

during the neopreterzoic era what did early members of the animal fossil record include?

A

Edicaran biota

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29
Q

during the neopreterzoic era what evidence was found?

A

early animal embryos and evidence of predation found in neopreterzoic rocks

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30
Q

what does morphologial and molecular evidence point to?

A

a group of protists called chaonoflagellates as the closest living relative to animals

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31
Q

what may the protists called chaonglagellates resmeble?

A

modern chaonoglagellates

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32
Q

several hypothesis regarding the cause of the cambrian explosion and decline of Edicaran biota

A

1) new predator-prey relationships
2) a rise in atmospheric oxygen
3) the evolution of the hox gene complex

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33
Q

even though animal diversity continued to increase through the Paleozoic what was it punctuated by?

A

mass extinctions

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34
Q

when did animals begin to make an impact on land?

A

by 450 million years ago

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35
Q

when did verterbrates make the transition to land?

A

around 365 million years ago

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36
Q

what do zoologists sometimes categorize animals according to?

A

a body plan

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37
Q

a set of morphological and developmental traits

A

body plan

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38
Q

what is true of body plans?

A

some have been conserved and some have changed multiple times over the course of evolution

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39
Q

two-sided symmetry

A

bilateral symmetry

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40
Q

characteristics of a bilaterally symetrical animal (3) (DRI)

A

1) dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom side)
2) a right and left side
3) an anterior (front) and posterior (back) ends

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41
Q

what else might a bilaterally symmetrical animal have?

A

sensory equipment such as brain, concentrated in the anterior end

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42
Q

when did coral reefs emerge and what did they become important as?

A

mesozoic era becoming an important marine ecological niche for other organisms

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43
Q

what were and what happened to the ancestors of pleisiosaurs

A

they were reptiles that returned to water

44
Q

during the Mesozoic era what were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates?

A

dinosaurs

45
Q

what emerged during the Mesozoic era?

A

the first mammals

46
Q

what diversified during the Mesozoic era?

A

plants and insects

47
Q

what can animals be catergorized according to?

A

symmetry of their bodies or lack of it

48
Q

animals with no front and back, or left and right

A

radial symmetry

49
Q

what are radial animals usuallly?

A

sessile (dormant) or planktonic (drifting or weakly swimmin)

50
Q

what are bilateral animals and what do they have that radial animals do not?

A

often move more actively and have a central nervous system

51
Q

what did the beginning of the Cenozoic era follow?

A

mass extinctions of both terrestrial and marine animals

52
Q

what do the exintctions during the Cenozoic era include?

A

large, nonflying dinosauras and marine reptiles

53
Q

what happned to mammals during the Cenozoic era?

A

they increased in size and exploited vacated elcological niches

54
Q

what happened o the global climate during the Cenozoic era?

A

it cooled

55
Q

what varies according to the organization of the animal’s tissues?

A

an animal’s body plan

56
Q

what are tissues isolated from and by what?

A

other tissues by membranous layers

57
Q

during development of animals, what gives rise to the tissues and the organs of the animal embryo?

A

3 germ layers

58
Q

the germ layers covering the embryo’s surface

A

ectoderm

59
Q

the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called the archentron

A

endoderm

60
Q

based on early development what can many animals be categorized by?

A

as having protosome development or deuterostome development

61
Q

what groups lack tissues?

A

sponges and a few others

62
Q

animals that have an ectoderm and endoderm

A

diploblastic

63
Q

what does diploblastic animals include?

A

cnidarians and few other groups

64
Q

animals have an intervening layer called a mesoderm

A

triploblastic

65
Q

what do triploblatic animals include?(3) (FAV)

A

1) flatworms
2) arthopods
3) vertebrates and others

66
Q

a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm

A

pseudocoelom

67
Q

what do triploblastic animals posses and what are they called?

A

a pseudocoelom called pseudocoelmates

68
Q

what is cleavage in protostome development?

A

spiral and determinate

69
Q

what is cleavage in deuterostome development?

A

radial and indeterminate

70
Q

with inderminate cleavage what is each cell?

A

in the early stages of cleavage

71
Q

what does cellsdeuterostome cleavage in its early stages show?

A

that it retains its capacity to devleop into a complete embryo

72
Q

what does intermindate cleavage make possible?

A

identical twins and embryonic stem cells

73
Q

what do most triploblastic animals possess?

A

a body cavity

74
Q

what is a true body cavity called and what is it derived from?

A

a coelom and is derived from mesoderm

75
Q

animals that possess a true coelom

A

coelomates

76
Q

what are triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity called?

A

acoelomates

77
Q

in protosome development how is the coelom formed?

A

by the splitting of solid masses of mesoderm

78
Q

in deuteorstome how is the coelom formed?

A

the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archentron

79
Q

what do phylogenies now combine?

A

morphological, molecular and fossil data

80
Q

three clades of bilaterian (DEL)

A

1) deuterostomia
2) ecdysozoa
3) lophotrochozoa

81
Q

what does dueterstomia include? (3) (HEC)

A

1) hemichordates (acorn worms)
2) echinoderms (seas stars and relatives)
3) chordates

82
Q

what does the deuterstomia clade include?

A

both vertibrates and inverterbrates

83
Q

when does the blastopore dorm and what does it connect to?

A

during gastrulation and connect the archentergon to the exterior of the gastrula

84
Q

what happens to the blastophore in protostome devleopment?

A

it becomes the mouth

85
Q

what happens to the blastophore in deuterostome development?

A

it becomes the anus

86
Q

5 important points about animal phylogeny that are supported by systemic analysis of morphological characters and recent molecular studies (5) (ASEM3)

A

1) all animals share a common ancestor
2) sponges are basal animals
3) eumetazoa (true animals) is a clade of animals with true tissues
4) most animal phyla belong to the clade billateria
5) 3 major types of billaterial animals

87
Q

what do the three major clades of bilaterian animals include?

A

all invertebrates (lacks back bone) except chordata which are vertebrates (have back bone)

88
Q

clad of invertebraes that shed their exoskeleton through a process called ecdysis

A

ecdysozoa

89
Q

a feeding structure that most lophtrochorozoans have

A

lophophore

90
Q

whatdo other lophotrochozoa go through?

A

a distinct developmental stage called the trochophore larva

91
Q

a group whose members share key biological features

A

grade

92
Q

a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendents

A

clade

93
Q

two grades that regard embryonic germ layers

A

1) diploblastic

2) trploblastic

94
Q

what diplobastic include?

A

ectoderm and endoderm

95
Q

what does triploblastic include?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

96
Q

3 different grades of colemn

A

1) pseducolmates
2) colomates
3) acolemates

97
Q

when determinate and sprial claeavage take place

A

protosome development

98
Q

when radical and interminate cleavage take place

A

duetersome development

99
Q

having two layers of embryoynic tissue layers, the ectoderm and endoderm

A

diploblastic

100
Q

when there is a 3rd layer present, the mesoderm

A

triploblastic

101
Q

describe the alternate classifications of acoelomate flatworms that are supported by systems analyses of morphological characters and recent molecular studies

A

recent research showed that they are basal bilaterians and not members of the phylum platyhelminthes.

102
Q

what does the fact that recent research showing that acoelomate flatworms are basal bilaterians suggest/

A

that bilaterians may have descended from a common ancestor that resembled living acoelomate flatworms

103
Q

how would living acoelomate resemble acoelomate flatworms?

A

they had a similar nervous system, saclike gut with a single opening and no excretory system

104
Q

what was the different view that arose based on regarding relationships of annelids and arthropods that are supported by system analyses of morphological characters and recent molecular studies

A

1) ribosomal genes
2) hox genes
3) dozens of other protein coding nuclear genes

105
Q

what did the studies about the relationships between annalids and arthropods indicate the 3 major clades are?

A

1) deuterostomia
2) lophotrochozoa
3) ecdysoszoa

106
Q

are arthropods and annalids closely related to one another?

A

no

Biology 201 (18 decks)

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