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Biology 201 > Lecture exam #2 part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture exam #2 part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the evolutionary history of species or group of related species

A

phylogeny

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2
Q

the discipline that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

A

systematics

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3
Q

what do systematics use fossil, molecular and morphological data for?

A

to infer evolutionary relationships

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4
Q

the ordered division and naming of organism

A

taxonomy

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5
Q

what did Carolus Linneaus publish?

A

a system of taxonomy based on resembelences

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6
Q

two key features of Carolus Linnaeus’ system that remain useful today

A

1) two-part name for species

2) hierachial classification

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7
Q

the two-part scientific name of species

A

binomial

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8
Q

first part of a name

A

genus

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9
Q

the second part of a name

A

specific epithet

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10
Q

what is the specific epithet (the 2nd part of a name) unique for?

A

each species within the genus

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11
Q

how is the binomial name written?

A

the first letter is capitalized, and the entire species is italicized

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12
Q

what makes up the binomial name?

A

both part together (not the specific epithet alone) (homosapien)

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13
Q

what did Linnaeus introduce a system for?

A

grouping species in increasingly broad categories

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14
Q

taxonomic groups from broad to narrow (8) (DKPCOFGS)

A

1) domain
2) kingdom
3) phylum
4) class
5) order
6) family
7) genus
8) species

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15
Q

the way systemtatists depict evolutionary relationships

A

branching phylogenetic trees

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16
Q

what does Linnean classification differ from?

A

phylogeny

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17
Q

proposed by systamists, which recognizes only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendents

A

phyloCode

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18
Q

how does a phylogenetic tree represent a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships (4) (ESRP)

A

1) each branch point represents divergence in 2 species
2) sister taxa are groups that share an immediate
common ancestor
3) a rooted tree includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree
4) a polytomy is a branch from which more than two groups emerge

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19
Q

what do phylogenetic trees show patterns of?

A

descent

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20
Q

what do phylogenetic tree not indicated?

A

when species evolved or how much genetic change occurred in lineage

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21
Q

what shouldn’t be assumed about a taxon?

A

that is evolved from the taxon next to it

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22
Q

what does phylogeny provide important information about?

A

similar characteristics in closely related species

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23
Q

what was a phylogeny used to identify the species of?

A

whale from which “whale meat” originated

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24
Q

what are organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences more likely to be?

A

closely related than organisms with different structures or sequences

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25
Q

what do systemastists need to distinguish when constructing a phylogeny?

A

whether the similarity is the result of homology or analogy

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26
Q

similarity due to shared ancestry

A

homology

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27
Q

similarity due to convergent evolution

A

analogy

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28
Q

occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptions in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

A

convergent evolution

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29
Q

types of clades

A

1) monophyeticing
2) paraphyletic
3) polyphyletic

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30
Q

a valid clade that is signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendents

A

monophyletic

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31
Q

grouping consists of an ancestrial species and some, but not all, of the descendents

A

paraphyletic

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32
Q

grouping consists of various species that lack a common ancestor

A

polyphyletic

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33
Q

in comparison with its ancestor what does an organism have?

A

both shared and different characteristics

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34
Q

a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

A

shared ancesteral character

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35
Q

an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

A

shared derived character

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36
Q

what can a character be and what does it depend on?

A

both ancesteral and derived depending on its context

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37
Q

when inferring evolutionary relationships what is it useful to know?

A

in which clade a shared derived character first appeared

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38
Q

what are the homologies shared by the outgroup and ingroup?

A

ancestral characters

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39
Q

what do ancestral character predate?

A

the divergence of both groups from a common ancestor

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40
Q

what does the tree of life suggest about eukaryotes and archaea?

A

that they are more closely related to each other than bacteria

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41
Q

what is the tree of life based largely on?

A

rRNA genes as these have evolved slowly

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42
Q

what was the terrestrial surface for much of Earth’s history

A

lifeless

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43
Q

what likely existed on land 1.2 billion years ago?

A

cyanoacteria and protists

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44
Q

what emerged on land around 500 million years ago?

A

small plants, fungi and animals

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45
Q

what did the 290,000 living species diversify from since colonizing land ?

A

plants

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46
Q

having terrestrial ancestors, even though some are now aquatic

A

land plants

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47
Q

what do land plants NOT include?

A

photosynthetic protists (algae)

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48
Q

what do plants supply and what are they the ultimate source of?

A

oxygen and they are the ultimate source of most foot eaten by land animals

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49
Q

green algae that are the closes relatives of land plants

A

charophytes

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50
Q

what do many charactertistics of land plants also appear in?

A

algae

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51
Q

characteristics that land plants share ONLY with charophytes

A

1) rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
2) structure of flagellated sperm
3) formation of phragmoplast

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52
Q

in charophpytes, a layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

A

sporopollenin

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53
Q

where is sporopollenin also found in?

A

plant spore walls

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54
Q

what does the movement onto land by charophyte ancestors proved? (3) UMN

A

1) unflitered sun
2) more plentiful CO2
3) nutrient-rich soil

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55
Q

what did land present challenged for charophytes? (2) (SL)

A

1) scarcity of water

2) lack of nutrient-rich soil

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56
Q

why did land plants diversify as adaptions evolved?

A

to enable them to thrive despite challenges

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57
Q

what is the subject of an ongoing debate about plants and algae?

A

the placement of boundary dividing them

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58
Q

5 key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are ABSENT in the charophytes (5) (AMWMA)

A

1) alternation of generations
2) multicellular, dependent embryos
3) walled spores produced in sporangia
4) multicellular gametangia
5) apical meristems

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59
Q

when plants alternate between two multicellular stages, a reproductive cycle

A

alternation of generations

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60
Q

part of alternation of generations, a haploid and produced haploid gametes by mitosis

A

gametophyte

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61
Q

in alternation of genrations, what fusion of the gametes gives rise to.

A

sporophyte

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62
Q

what does sporophytes produce?

A

haploid spores by meiosis

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63
Q

in multicellular, dependent embryos what is the diploid embryo retained within?

A

the tissue of the female gametophyte

64
Q

in multicellular, dependent embryos what are nutrients transferred from and to and through what?

A

from parent to embryo through placental transfer cells

65
Q

in multicellular, dependent embryos what lands plants are called because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent

A

embryophyte

66
Q

the organ that sporophyte produces spores in

A

sporangia

67
Q

in walled spores produced in sporangia, it’s what diploid cells are called that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

A

sporocytes

68
Q

what do spore walls contain?

A

sporopollenin

69
Q

what does sporopollenin make spore walls?

A

resistant to harsh environments

70
Q

the organs that gametes are produced within

A

ganetangia

71
Q

female gamentangia, produces eggs and are the site of fertilization

A

aarchegonia

72
Q

male ganetangia, produce and release sperm

A

antheridia

73
Q

where do plants sustain their continual growth in?

A

their apical meristems

74
Q

what do cells from the apical meristems differentiate into?

A

various tissues

75
Q

a waxy covering of the epidermis

A

cuticle

76
Q

specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and the plant

A

stomata

77
Q

symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients

A

mycorrhizae

78
Q

what did fossil evidence indicate was on land at least 470 million years ago?

A

plants

79
Q

what has been extracted from 450-million-year old rocks?

A

fossilized spores and tissues

80
Q

example of plants being on land 425 million years ago?

A

sporangia

81
Q

what gave rise to modern plants?

A

ancestral species

82
Q

clades of non vascular plants (bryophytes) (3) (PPP)

A

1) phylum hepatophyta (liveworts)
2) phylum brophyta (mosses)
3) phylum anthocerophyta (hornworts)

83
Q

clades of vascular seedless plants (2) (PP)

A

1) phylum lycophyta (lycophytes)

2) phylum monilophyta (monilophytes)

84
Q

clades of vascular seed plants (gymnosperms) (4) (PPPP)

A

1) phylum ginkophyta (Ginko)
2) phylum cyadophyta (cyads)
3) phylum gnetophyta (gnetophytes)
4) phylum coniferophyta (conifers)

85
Q

seed vascular plants (angiosperms)

A

phylum anthophyla (flowering plants)

86
Q

what are land plants informally based on the presence or absence of?

A

vascular tissue

87
Q

what do most plants have and what does it constitute them as?

A

vascular tissue, vascular plants

88
Q

what are nonvascular plants commonly called?

A

bryophytes

89
Q

what are bryophytes NOT?

A

a monophyletic group

90
Q

what can seedless vascular plants be divided into?

A

clades

91
Q

what do seeldess vascular plants not form?

A

a clade

92
Q

organisms that are groups based on shared key biological features, rather than shared ancestry

A

grade

93
Q

an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

A

seed

94
Q

what do seed plants form and can be divided into?

A

clades and can be divided into further clades

95
Q

the “naked seed” plants including confiers

A

gymnosperms

96
Q

the flowering plants

A

angiosperms

97
Q

3 phyla of bryophytes (LMH)

A

1) liveworts (hepatophyta)
2) mosses (bryophyta)
3) hornworts (anthocerpophyta)

98
Q

in all three bryophyte phyla what are gametophytes?

A

larger and longer-living than sporophytes

99
Q

when are sporophytes typically present?

A

only part of the time

100
Q

what is a spore that germinates into a gametophyte composed of? (2) (PG)

A

1) a protonema

2) gamete-producing gametophore

101
Q

what are the height of gametophytes constrained by?

A

the lack of vascular tissues

102
Q

what anchors gametophytes to substrate?

A

rhizoids

103
Q

what do mature gametophytes produced flagellated sperm in?

A

antheridia and an egg in each archengonium

104
Q

what do sperm swim through?

A

a film of water to reach and fertilize the egg

105
Q

what do bryophytes grow out of?

A

archegonia

106
Q

what type of plants are bryophytes?

A

the smallest and simplest sporophytes of all extant plant groups

107
Q

parts of a sporophyte

A

1) foot
2) seta (stalk)
3) a sporangium (a capsule)

108
Q

what does the capsule of a sporophyte discharge through its pores?

A

a peristome

109
Q

what do hornwart and moss sporophytes have that liveworts does not?

A

stomata

110
Q

what are mosses capable of inhabiting?

A

diverse and sometimes extreme environments

111
Q

what are mosses especially common in?

A

moist forests and wetlands

112
Q

what do some mosses help retain?

A

nitrogen in the soil

113
Q

forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material

A

sphagnum or “peat moss”

114
Q

what can peat be used as a source for?

A

fuel

115
Q

what do low temperature, pH and oxygen level of peatlands inhibit?

A

decay of moss and other organisms

116
Q

what is an important global reservoir of organic carbon?

A

sphagnum

117
Q

what can overharvesting or sphaghum and/or a drop in water level in peatlands release?

A

stored CO2 to the atmosphere

118
Q

what were prominent types of vegitation during the first 100 million years of plant evolution?

A

bryophytes

119
Q

what allowed the earliest plants to grow tall?

A

vascular tissue

120
Q

what did early vascular plants have?

A

independent, branching sporophytes

121
Q

living vascular plants characertizations (3) (LVW)

A

1 )life cycles with dominant sporophytes

2) vascular tissue called xylem and phloem
3) well-developed roots and leaves

122
Q

in contrast with bryophytes what are sporphytesl of seedless vascular plants?

A

the larger gerneration in familiar ferns

123
Q

iny plants that grow below the soil surface

A

gametophytes

124
Q

two types of vascular tissues

A

1 )xylem

2) phloem

125
Q

conducts most of the water and minerals and includes tube-shaped cells called tracheids

A

xylem

126
Q

what are water-conduccting cells strengthened by and what do they provide?

A

lignin and they provide structural support

127
Q

has cells arranged into tubes and distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

A

phloem

128
Q

what does vascular tissue allow for and what does it provide?

A

increased height and it provides evolutionary advantage

129
Q

organs that anchor vascular plants

A

roots

130
Q

what do roots enable vascular plants to do?

A

absorb water and nutrients from soil

131
Q

what may have roots evolved from?

A

subterranean stems

132
Q

organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis

A

leaves

133
Q

two types of leaves

A

1) microphylls

2) megaphylls

134
Q

leaves with a single vein

A

microphylls

135
Q

leaves with a highly branches vascular system

A

megaphylls

136
Q

modified leaves with sporangia

A

sporophylls

137
Q

clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls

A

sori

138
Q

cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

A

strobili

139
Q

what are most seedless vascular plants?

A

homosporous

140
Q

producuing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte

A

homosporous

141
Q

all seed plants and some seedless vascular seedplants

A

heterosporous

142
Q

what do heterosporous species produce?

A

megaspores

143
Q

gives rise to female gametophytes and microspores which give rise to male gametophytes

A

megapsores

144
Q

2 clades of seedless vascular plants (2) (PP)

A

1 )phylum lycophyta (club mosses, spike mosses and quillworts)
2) phylum monilophyta (ferns, horestails and whisk ferns and their relatives)

145
Q

what thrived for millions of years in moist swamps?

A

giant lycophyte trees

146
Q

what are surviving species?

A

small heraceaous plants

147
Q

what do club mosses and spike mosses have?

A

vascular tissues and are not true mosses

148
Q

what are the most widespread seedless vascular plants with more than 120,000 species

A

ferns

149
Q

where are ferns the most diverse?

A

in the tropics but also thrive in termperate forests

150
Q

when were horsetails diverse during?

A

the carboniferous period

151
Q

what are horesetails now restricted to?

A

the genus Equisetum

152
Q

what do whisk ferns resemble?

A

ancestral vascular plants but are closely related to modern ferns

153
Q

what did modern lycophytes, horestails and ferns grow to and when?

A

great heights during the devonian and carboniferious

154
Q

what did lycophytes, horsetails and ferns form?

A

the first forests

155
Q

what did increased growth and photosynthesis removed from the atmosphere that may have contributed to global cooling and when?

A

CO2 during the carboniferous period

156
Q

what did the decaying plants of these carboniferous forests evenetually become?

A

coal

Biology 201 (18 decks)

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