Lecture exam #2 part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
the evolutionary history of species or group of related species
A
phylogeny
2
Q
the discipline that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships
A
systematics
3
Q
what do systematics use fossil, molecular and morphological data for?
A
to infer evolutionary relationships
4
Q
the ordered division and naming of organism
A
taxonomy
5
Q
what did Carolus Linneaus publish?
A
a system of taxonomy based on resembelences
6
Q
two key features of Carolus Linnaeus’ system that remain useful today
A
1) two-part name for species
2) hierachial classification
7
Q
the two-part scientific name of species
A
binomial
8
Q
first part of a name
A
genus
9
Q
the second part of a name
A
specific epithet
10
Q
what is the specific epithet (the 2nd part of a name) unique for?
A
each species within the genus
11
Q
how is the binomial name written?
A
the first letter is capitalized, and the entire species is italicized
12
Q
what makes up the binomial name?
A
both part together (not the specific epithet alone) (homosapien)
13
Q
what did Linnaeus introduce a system for?
A
grouping species in increasingly broad categories
14
Q
taxonomic groups from broad to narrow (8) (DKPCOFGS)
A
1) domain
2) kingdom
3) phylum
4) class
5) order
6) family
7) genus
8) species
15
Q
the way systemtatists depict evolutionary relationships
A
branching phylogenetic trees
16
Q
what does Linnean classification differ from?
A
phylogeny
17
Q
proposed by systamists, which recognizes only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendents
A
phyloCode
18
Q
how does a phylogenetic tree represent a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships (4) (ESRP)
A
1) each branch point represents divergence in 2 species
2) sister taxa are groups that share an immediate
common ancestor
3) a rooted tree includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree
4) a polytomy is a branch from which more than two groups emerge
19
Q
what do phylogenetic trees show patterns of?
A
descent
20
Q
what do phylogenetic tree not indicated?
A
when species evolved or how much genetic change occurred in lineage
21
Q
what shouldn’t be assumed about a taxon?
A
that is evolved from the taxon next to it
22
Q
what does phylogeny provide important information about?
A
similar characteristics in closely related species
23
Q
what was a phylogeny used to identify the species of?
A
whale from which “whale meat” originated
24
Q
what are organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences more likely to be?
A
closely related than organisms with different structures or sequences
25
what do systemastists need to distinguish when constructing a phylogeny?
whether the similarity is the result of homology or analogy
26
similarity due to shared ancestry
homology
27
similarity due to convergent evolution
analogy
28
occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptions in organisms from different evolutionary lineages
convergent evolution
29
types of clades
1) monophyeticing
2) paraphyletic
3) polyphyletic
30
a valid clade that is signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendents
monophyletic
31
grouping consists of an ancestrial species and some, but not all, of the descendents
paraphyletic
32
grouping consists of various species that lack a common ancestor
polyphyletic
33
in comparison with its ancestor what does an organism have?
both shared and different characteristics
34
a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
shared ancesteral character
35
an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade
shared derived character
36
what can a character be and what does it depend on?
both ancesteral and derived depending on its context
37
when inferring evolutionary relationships what is it useful to know?
in which clade a shared derived character first appeared
38
what are the homologies shared by the outgroup and ingroup?
ancestral characters
39
what do ancestral character predate?
the divergence of both groups from a common ancestor
40
what does the tree of life suggest about eukaryotes and archaea?
that they are more closely related to each other than bacteria
41
what is the tree of life based largely on?
rRNA genes as these have evolved slowly
42
what was the terrestrial surface for much of Earth's history
lifeless
43
what likely existed on land 1.2 billion years ago?
cyanoacteria and protists
44
what emerged on land around 500 million years ago?
small plants, fungi and animals
45
what did the 290,000 living species diversify from since colonizing land ?
plants
46
having terrestrial ancestors, even though some are now aquatic
land plants
47
what do land plants NOT include?
photosynthetic protists (algae)
48
what do plants supply and what are they the ultimate source of?
oxygen and they are the ultimate source of most foot eaten by land animals
49
green algae that are the closes relatives of land plants
charophytes
50
what do many charactertistics of land plants also appear in?
algae
51
characteristics that land plants share ONLY with charophytes
1) rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
2) structure of flagellated sperm
3) formation of phragmoplast
52
in charophpytes, a layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out
sporopollenin
53
where is sporopollenin also found in?
plant spore walls
54
what does the movement onto land by charophyte ancestors proved? (3) UMN
1) unflitered sun
2) more plentiful CO2
3) nutrient-rich soil
55
what did land present challenged for charophytes? (2) (SL)
1) scarcity of water
| 2) lack of nutrient-rich soil
56
why did land plants diversify as adaptions evolved?
to enable them to thrive despite challenges
57
what is the subject of an ongoing debate about plants and algae?
the placement of boundary dividing them
58
5 key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are ABSENT in the charophytes (5) (AMWMA)
1) alternation of generations
2) multicellular, dependent embryos
3) walled spores produced in sporangia
4) multicellular gametangia
5) apical meristems
59
when plants alternate between two multicellular stages, a reproductive cycle
alternation of generations
60
part of alternation of generations, a haploid and produced haploid gametes by mitosis
gametophyte
61
in alternation of genrations, what fusion of the gametes gives rise to.
sporophyte
62
what does sporophytes produce?
haploid spores by meiosis
63
in multicellular, dependent embryos what is the diploid embryo retained within?
the tissue of the female gametophyte
64
in multicellular, dependent embryos what are nutrients transferred from and to and through what?
from parent to embryo through placental transfer cells
65
in multicellular, dependent embryos what lands plants are called because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent
embryophyte
66
the organ that sporophyte produces spores in
sporangia
67
in walled spores produced in sporangia, it's what diploid cells are called that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
sporocytes
68
what do spore walls contain?
sporopollenin
69
what does sporopollenin make spore walls?
resistant to harsh environments
70
the organs that gametes are produced within
ganetangia
71
female gamentangia, produces eggs and are the site of fertilization
aarchegonia
72
male ganetangia, produce and release sperm
antheridia
73
where do plants sustain their continual growth in?
their apical meristems
74
what do cells from the apical meristems differentiate into?
various tissues
75
a waxy covering of the epidermis
cuticle
76
specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and the plant
stomata
77
symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients
mycorrhizae
78
what did fossil evidence indicate was on land at least 470 million years ago?
plants
79
what has been extracted from 450-million-year old rocks?
fossilized spores and tissues
80
example of plants being on land 425 million years ago?
sporangia
81
what gave rise to modern plants?
ancestral species
82
clades of non vascular plants (bryophytes) (3) (PPP)
1) phylum hepatophyta (liveworts)
2) phylum brophyta (mosses)
3) phylum anthocerophyta (hornworts)
83
clades of vascular seedless plants (2) (PP)
1) phylum lycophyta (lycophytes)
| 2) phylum monilophyta (monilophytes)
84
clades of vascular seed plants (gymnosperms) (4) (PPPP)
1) phylum ginkophyta (Ginko)
2) phylum cyadophyta (cyads)
3) phylum gnetophyta (gnetophytes)
4) phylum coniferophyta (conifers)
85
seed vascular plants (angiosperms)
phylum anthophyla (flowering plants)
86
what are land plants informally based on the presence or absence of?
vascular tissue
87
what do most plants have and what does it constitute them as?
vascular tissue, vascular plants
88
what are nonvascular plants commonly called?
bryophytes
89
what are bryophytes NOT?
a monophyletic group
90
what can seedless vascular plants be divided into?
clades
91
what do seeldess vascular plants not form?
a clade
92
organisms that are groups based on shared key biological features, rather than shared ancestry
grade
93
an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
seed
94
what do seed plants form and can be divided into?
clades and can be divided into further clades
95
the "naked seed" plants including confiers
gymnosperms
96
the flowering plants
angiosperms
97
3 phyla of bryophytes (LMH)
1) liveworts (hepatophyta)
2) mosses (bryophyta)
3) hornworts (anthocerpophyta)
98
in all three bryophyte phyla what are gametophytes?
larger and longer-living than sporophytes
99
when are sporophytes typically present?
only part of the time
100
what is a spore that germinates into a gametophyte composed of? (2) (PG)
1) a protonema
| 2) gamete-producing gametophore
101
what are the height of gametophytes constrained by?
the lack of vascular tissues
102
what anchors gametophytes to substrate?
rhizoids
103
what do mature gametophytes produced flagellated sperm in?
antheridia and an egg in each archengonium
104
what do sperm swim through?
a film of water to reach and fertilize the egg
105
what do bryophytes grow out of?
archegonia
106
what type of plants are bryophytes?
the smallest and simplest sporophytes of all extant plant groups
107
parts of a sporophyte
1) foot
2) seta (stalk)
3) a sporangium (a capsule)
108
what does the capsule of a sporophyte discharge through its pores?
a peristome
109
what do hornwart and moss sporophytes have that liveworts does not?
stomata
110
what are mosses capable of inhabiting?
diverse and sometimes extreme environments
111
what are mosses especially common in?
moist forests and wetlands
112
what do some mosses help retain?
nitrogen in the soil
113
forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material
sphagnum or "peat moss"
114
what can peat be used as a source for?
fuel
115
what do low temperature, pH and oxygen level of peatlands inhibit?
decay of moss and other organisms
116
what is an important global reservoir of organic carbon?
sphagnum
117
what can overharvesting or sphaghum and/or a drop in water level in peatlands release?
stored CO2 to the atmosphere
118
what were prominent types of vegitation during the first 100 million years of plant evolution?
bryophytes
119
what allowed the earliest plants to grow tall?
vascular tissue
120
what did early vascular plants have?
independent, branching sporophytes
121
living vascular plants characertizations (3) (LVW)
1 )life cycles with dominant sporophytes
2) vascular tissue called xylem and phloem
3) well-developed roots and leaves
122
in contrast with bryophytes what are sporphytesl of seedless vascular plants?
the larger gerneration in familiar ferns
123
iny plants that grow below the soil surface
gametophytes
124
two types of vascular tissues
1 )xylem
| 2) phloem
125
conducts most of the water and minerals and includes tube-shaped cells called tracheids
xylem
126
what are water-conduccting cells strengthened by and what do they provide?
lignin and they provide structural support
127
has cells arranged into tubes and distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
phloem
128
what does vascular tissue allow for and what does it provide?
increased height and it provides evolutionary advantage
129
organs that anchor vascular plants
roots
130
what do roots enable vascular plants to do?
absorb water and nutrients from soil
131
what may have roots evolved from?
subterranean stems
132
organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis
leaves
133
two types of leaves
1) microphylls
| 2) megaphylls
134
leaves with a single vein
microphylls
135
leaves with a highly branches vascular system
megaphylls
136
modified leaves with sporangia
sporophylls
137
clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls
sori
138
cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls
strobili
139
what are most seedless vascular plants?
homosporous
140
producuing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte
homosporous
141
all seed plants and some seedless vascular seedplants
heterosporous
142
what do heterosporous species produce?
megaspores
143
gives rise to female gametophytes and microspores which give rise to male gametophytes
megapsores
144
2 clades of seedless vascular plants (2) (PP)
1 )phylum lycophyta (club mosses, spike mosses and quillworts)
2) phylum monilophyta (ferns, horestails and whisk ferns and their relatives)
145
what thrived for millions of years in moist swamps?
giant lycophyte trees
146
what are surviving species?
small heraceaous plants
147
what do club mosses and spike mosses have?
vascular tissues and are not true mosses
148
what are the most widespread seedless vascular plants with more than 120,000 species
ferns
149
where are ferns the most diverse?
in the tropics but also thrive in termperate forests
150
when were horsetails diverse during?
the carboniferous period
151
what are horesetails now restricted to?
the genus Equisetum
152
what do whisk ferns resemble?
ancestral vascular plants but are closely related to modern ferns
153
what did modern lycophytes, horestails and ferns grow to and when?
great heights during the devonian and carboniferious
154
what did lycophytes, horsetails and ferns form?
the first forests
155
what did increased growth and photosynthesis removed from the atmosphere that may have contributed to global cooling and when?
CO2 during the carboniferous period
156
what did the decaying plants of these carboniferous forests evenetually become?
coal
