Lecture Exam #1 Review Sheet Flashcards by Leigh Merrill

Darwin’s belief that all organisms here today are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past

Descent with Modification

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what does Darwin’s view of descent with modificiation account for?

diversity of species and also extinction events

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founder of taxonomy, interpreted organismal adaptions as evidence that the creator had designed each species for a specific purpose. developed the bionomial format for naming species (Homo Sapiens)

Carolus Linnaeus

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published his extensive studies of vertebrate fossils. noted that the older the stratum, the more dissimilar its fossils were to current life-forms. also observed that from one layer to the next, some new species appeared while others dissapeared.

Cuvier

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did Cuvier support evolution?

no, he opposed it.

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published Principles of Geology which influenced Darwin bringing him to believe that the earth was more than 6000 years old.

Lyell

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published his hypothesis of evolution. he hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Lamarck

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were Lamarck’s mechanisms he proposed supported by evidence ?

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proposed his principle of gradualism. he proposed that the earth’s geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms such as valleys being formed by rivers

hutton

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why was Lamarck’s ideas possibly rejected?

because our understanding of genetics show experiments showing that traits acquired by use during an individual’s life are not inherited that way.

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what can evolution be defined as?

Darwin’s descent with modification

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what can evolution be viewed as?

both a pattern and a process

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what did Darwin hyptothesize happened to the species from South America that colonized in the Galapago Islands?

that they speciated the islands

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an evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species.

speciation

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who evolves?

individuals don’t evolve; populations evolve over time

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what is Darwin’s first observation?

members of a population often vary in their inherited traits

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what is Darwin’s second observation?

all species can produce more offspring that the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce

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what is Darwin’s inference #1?

inviduals with traits that make them more likely to survive will tend to leave more offspring

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what is Darwin’s inference #2?

the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in population over generations

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what does inference #2 explain?

the match between organisms and their environments

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Darwin’s four types of data that document the pattern of evolution

1) direct observations
2) homology
3) fossil record
4) biogeography

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two evidences for natural selection in direct observations

1) introduced plant species

2) the evolution of drug-resistant bacteria

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the similarity resulting from common ancestry

homology

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anatomical resemblnces that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor

homologous structures

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type of homology that reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms

comparative embryols ogy

type of homology where remnants of features that served important functions in the oraganisms ancestors

vestigial structure

what is an example of homologies at a molecular level?

genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor

hypotheses about the relationship among different groups

evolutionary trees

what do homologies form in evolutionary trees?

nested patters

what are evolutionary tree can be made with?

different types of data

what is an example of the types of data used in evolutionary trees?

anatomical and dna sequence data

provides evidence of the extinction of species, the origin of new groups and changes within groups over time

fossil record

what can fossils document?

important transitions

what is an example of an important transition that fossils documented?

the transition from land tot sea in the ancestors of cetaceans

the scientific study of the geographic distribution of species, provides evidence of evolution

biogeography

what is an example of biogeography?

Earth was formerly Pangaea before it separated by continental drift

the evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups

convergent evolution

how to analogous traits arise?

when groups independetly adapt to similar environments in different ways

what does convergent evolution not provide info about ?

ancestry

advantages of Mendel using pea plants (4) (MMEC)

1) many varieties with distinct features or characters (flower color) 2) Mating can be controlled 3) each has sperm-producing organs (stamens) and egg-producing organs (carpels) 4) cross-pollination

an obersevable heritable feature that may vary among individuals

character

one or two or more detectable variants in a genetic character

trait

any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotype effects

allele

referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination

true breeding

the mating, or crossing of two true-breeding varieties

hybridization

a cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant)

monohybrid cross

the true breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance

P Generation

the first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offpsring from a parental (p generation) cross

F1 generation

the offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) the hybrid F1 generation

F2 generation

an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote

dominant

an allele whose phenotype effect is not observed in a heterozygote

recessive

having two different alleles for a given gene

heterozygous

having two identical alleles for a given gene

homozygous

the genetic makeup, or set of alleles of an organism

genotype

the observable physical and physiologial traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic make up

phenotype

how does sexual recombination generate genetic variability?

it shuffles existing alleles into combinations

are sexual reproductions more important than mutations?

yes

a localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

population

in real populations what changes over time?

allele and genotype frequencies

a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but not produced viable, fertile offsrping with members of such groups

species

consists of all the alleles for all loci in a population

gene pool

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals

relative fitness

in relative fitness what does selection favor?

certain genotypes by acting on the phenotypes of individuals

the usual result of point mutations in non coding regions,conferring no selective avantage or disadvantage

neutral variation

why can mutations be neutral?

redundancy in the genetic code

5 conditions for the hardy weinberg equilibrium

1) no mutations 2) random mating 3) no natural selection 4) extremely large population size 5) no gene flow

how does population size affect genetic drift?

the smaller a sample, the greater the chance of random deviation from a predicted result

three modes of selection

1) directional 2) disruptive 3) stabalizing

mode of selection that favors individuals at one extreme end of the phenotypic range

Directional selection

what is an example of directional selection?

lighter mice being selected against because they live among dark rocks, which would make it harder for them to hide from predators

mode of selection that favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

disruptive selection

what is an example of disruptive selection?

habitat is made up of light and dark rocks therefore, the mice of an intermediate color (brown) are selected against (black and white mice)

favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes

stabalizing selection

what is an example of stabalizing selection?

if rocks are an intermediate color, both light and dark mice will be selected against

direct competition among individuals of one sex (often male) for mates of the opposite sex

intrasexual selection

occurs when individuals of one sex (usually female) are choosy in selecting their mates

intersexual selection

what is intersexual selection often called?

mate choice

what can male showiness due to mate choice increase?

a male's chances of attracting a female, while decreasing his chances of survival

4 reasons why natural selection can't produce perfect organisms (4) (SEAC)

1) selection can only act on existing variations (Michael phelps example) 2) evolutions is limited by historical constraints 3) adaptions are often compromises 4) chance, natural selection and the environment interact

what are the mechanisms of evolution?

1) the founder effect 2) the bottleneck effect 3) gene flow 4) genetic drift

occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population

the founder effect

in the founder effect what can allele frequencies in the smaller founder population be different from?

the larger parent population

a sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment

the bottleneck effect

in the bottleneck effect what may no longer be reflective of the original population's gene pool?

the resulting gene pool

in the bottleneck effect, if the population remains small what may be it be further effected by?

genetic drift

what can understanding the bottleneck effect increase our understanding about?

how human activity affects other species

what type of populations is genetic drift significant?

small

what can genetic drift cause?

allele frequencies to changes at random

what can genetic drift lead to a loss of?

genetic variation within populations

what can genetic drift cause harmful alleles to become?

fixed

consists of the movement of alleles among populations

gene flow

in gene flow how can alleles be transferred?

through the movement of fertile individuals or gametes (pollen)

what does gene flow tend to reduce?

variation among populations over time

what can gene flow increase?

fitness of population