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Biology 201 > LAB Final Part 3 (Muscle) > Flashcards

LAB Final Part 3 (Muscle) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is required for muscle function?

A

the physical interaction of protein filaments

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2
Q

what is muscle activity a response to?

A

input from the nervous system

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3
Q

what does muscle cell contraction rely on?

A

interaction

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4
Q

how should muscle cell contraction rely on interaction?

A

1) between thin filaments (mainly of actin)

2) and thick filaments (staggered arrays of myosin)

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5
Q

what does verebrate skeletal muscle move?

A

bones and the body

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6
Q

what is vertebrate skeletal muscle characterized by?

A

a hierarchy of smaller and smaller units

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7
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

1) bundle of long fibers, each a single cell running parallel to the length of the muscle
2) each muscle fiber itself a bundle of smaller myofibrils arranged longitudally

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8
Q

what is skeletal muscle also called and why?

A

striated muscle because the regular arrangement of myofilaments creates a pattern of light and dark bands

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9
Q

what is the functional unit of a muscle called and what is it bordered by?

A

a sacomere, bordered by z lines where thin filaments attach

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10
Q

thin and thick filaments slide past each other longitudinally, powered by the myosin molecules

A

sliding-filament model

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11
Q

what does the sliding filaments rely on?

A

interactions between actin and myosin

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12
Q

what does the sliding filament cause actin and myosin to do?

A

1) the head of a myosin binds to an actin filament formign a cross bridge
2) pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sacomere

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13
Q

what does muscle contraction require?

A

repeated cycles of binding and release

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14
Q

what generates the ATP needed to sustain muscle contraction?

A

glycosis and aerobic respiration

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15
Q

with muscle energy store glycogen as?

A

glucose polymer.

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16
Q

what is glucose used in cellular respiration to make?

A

ATP

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17
Q

what does creatine poshpate do for muscle energy?

A

gives up phosphate to ADP to form ATP

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18
Q

Actin-Myosin contraction cycle (4) (AAMC)

A

1) ATP binds to myosin head causing it to detach from actin (low-energy)
2) ATP is hyrdolyzed into ADP and P, this makes myosin in high energy state (high-energy)
3) mysoin head form cross bridge with actin
4) conformational change occurs in myosin causing it to move the actin filament

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19
Q

what happens to Tropomyosin (regulatory protein) and the troponin complex a set of additional proteins?

A

binds actin stands on thin filaments when a muscle fibers at rest

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20
Q

what happens when tropomyosin and troponin bind actin strands on thin filaments when a muscle fiber is at rest?

A

it prevents actin and myosin from interacting

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21
Q

what needs to occur in order for a muscle fiber to contract?

A

myosin-binding sites must be uncovered

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22
Q

when does myosin-binding sites uncover in order for a muscle fiber to contract?

A

when calcium ions (Ca2+) bind to the troponin complex and expose the myosin-binding sites

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23
Q

when does muscle fiber contraction occur?

A

when the concentration of Ca2+ is high

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24
Q

when does muscle fiber contraction of a muscle stop?

A

when the concentration of Ca2+ is low

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25
Q

what is the stimulus leading to a contraction of a muscle fiber?

A

an action potential

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26
Q

how is an action potential created through the contraction of a muscle fiber? (3) (FSA)

A

1) from a motor neuron that make a synapse with the muscle fiber
2) the synaptic terminal of the more neuron releases the neurotransmitter acetycholine
3) Acetycholine depolarizes the muscle, causing it to produce an action potential

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27
Q

once the action potential is now in the muscle cell what happens?

A

travel to the interior of the muscle fiber along transverse tubues (T)

28
Q

what does the action potential along the T tubules cause the sacroplasmic reticulum (SR) to release?

A

Ca2+

29
Q

when the SR releases Ca2+ what does the Ca2+ bind to?

A

the troponin complex on the thin filaments

30
Q

what does the binding of the Ca2+ and the troponin complex expose and what does it allow?

A

myosin-binding sites and allows the cross-bridge cycle to proceed

31
Q

when motor neuron input stops what happens? (3) (MTR)

A

1) the muscle cell relaxes
2) transport proteins in the SR pump Ca2+ out of the cytosol
3) regulatory proteins bound to thin filaments shift back to the myosin-binding sites

32
Q

formerly called Lou Gehrig’s disease, interferes with the excitation of skeletal muscle fibers; usually fatal

A

Amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

33
Q

an autoimmune disease that attacks acetycholine receptors on muscle fibers; treatments exist for this disease

A

myasthenia gravis

34
Q

what is contraction of a whole muscle?

A

graded

35
Q

what does it mean when a whole muscle is graded?

A

the extent and strength of its contraction can be the voluntarily altered

36
Q

2 basic mechanisms by which the nervous system produced graded contractions (VV)

A

1) varying the number of fibers that contract

2) varying the rate at which fibers are stimulated

37
Q

in vertebrates what may each motor neuron snyapse with?

A

multiple muscle fibers

38
Q

how many motor neurons is each fiber controlled by?

A

only one

39
Q

consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

A

motor unit

40
Q

what does recruitment of multiple motor neurons result in?

A

stronger contractions

41
Q

what does a twitch result from?

A

a single action potential in a motor neuron

42
Q

what do more rapidly delivered action potentials produce?

A

a graded contraction by summation

43
Q

a state of smooth and sustained contraction produced when motor neurons deliver a volley of action potentials

A

tetanus

44
Q

what are the types of skeletal muscles classified by? (2) (SS)

A

1) the source of ATP power the muscle activity
or
2) the speed of muscle contraction

45
Q

what does oxidative fibers rely mostly on and why?

A

aerobic respiration to generate ATP

46
Q

what do oxidative fibers have?

A

many mitochondria, a rich blood supply and a large amount of myoglobin

47
Q

a protein that binds oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin

A

myoglobin

48
Q

what does glycolytic fibers use as their primary source of ATP?

A

glycolysis

49
Q

what do glycolytic fibers have less of than oxidative fibers and what do they do differently?

A

myoglobin and tire more easily

50
Q

what is the light meat of poultry and fish composed of?

A

glycolytic fibers

51
Q

what is the dark meat of poultry and fish composed of?

A

oxidative fibers

52
Q

what do slow-twitch fibers do?

A

contract more slowly but sustain longer contractions

53
Q

what are all slow-switch fibers?

A

oxidative

54
Q

what do fast-twitch fibers do?

A

contract more rapidly but sustain shorter contractions

55
Q

what can fast-twitch fibers be?

A

either glycolytic or oxidative

56
Q

what type of fibers do most skeletal muscles contain in varying ratios?

A

both slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers

57
Q

what do some vertebrates have compared to humans?

A

muscles that twitch at rates much faster

58
Q

in producing its characteristic mating call what can the male toadfish do?

A

contract and relax certain muscles more than 200 times per second

59
Q

what do verterbrates have in addition to skeletal muscle?

A

cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

60
Q

what is cardiac muscle found and what does it consist of?

A

found only in the heart and consists of striated cells electrically connected by intercalated disks

61
Q

what can cardiac muscle generate?

A

action potentials without neural input

62
Q

where is smooth muscle found?

A

mainly in walls of hollow organs such as those of the digestive tract

63
Q

what are contraction in the smooth muscle and what also may they be inititated by?

A

relatively slow and may be inititated by the muscle themselves

64
Q

what may contraction be caused by in smooth muscle?

A

stimulation from neurons in the autonomic nervous system

65
Q

what does Ca2+ regulate in smooth muscle?

A

the contraction of smooth muscle but different than skeletal muscle

Biology 201 (18 decks)

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