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Biology 201 > Lecture Exam #4 ch. 53 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #4 ch. 53 Flashcards

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1
Q

types of ecology (6) (OPCELG)

A

1) organismal
2) population
3) community
4) ecostystem
5) landscape
6) global

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2
Q

the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

A

ecology

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3
Q

what do the interaction in ecology determine?

A

the distribution of organisms and their abundance

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4
Q

what does modern ecology include?

A

observation and experimentation

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5
Q

what does population ecology in turtle tracks explore how biotic and abiotic factors have influence on? (4) (DDSA)

A

1) density
2) distribution
3) size
4) age structure

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6
Q

what is an example of the influence of biotic and abiotic population ecology in turtle tracks?

A

the number of the loggerhead turtle hatchnlings that survive in their first journey to the ocean is affected by both biotic and abiotic factors

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7
Q

what does biological processes influence? (3) (PDD)

A

1) population density
2) dispersion
3) demographics

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8
Q

a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area

A

population

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9
Q

what are populations described by?

A

their boundaries and size

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10
Q

what levels do ecologists work at?

A

levels ranging from individual organisms to the planet

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11
Q

the number of individuals per unit area or volume

A

density

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12
Q

the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population

A

dispersion

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13
Q

in most cases can you count all individuals in a population?

A

no it’s impractical or impossible

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14
Q

what can sampling techniques be used to estimate?

A

the densities and total population sizes

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15
Q

what can population size be estimated by? (3) (EIM)

A

1) extrapolation from small samples
2) index of a population size (number of nests)
3) mark-recapture method

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16
Q

what is density the result of?

A

an interplay between the processes that add individuals to a population and those that remove individuals

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17
Q

the influx of new individuals from other areas (to an area)

A

immigration

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18
Q

the movement of individuals out of a population which decreases population. (leaves)

A

emmigration

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19
Q

patterns of dispersion (3) (CUR)

A

1) clumped
2) uniform
30 random

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20
Q

how do scientists determine the population siz using the mark-recapture method

A

they capture, tag and release a random sample of individuals (s) in a population

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21
Q

when using the mark-recapture method what are marked individuals given time to do?

A

mix back into the population

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22
Q

what do scientists do after they capture the first sample with the mark-recapture method?

A

they capture a second sample of individuals (n) and note how many of them are marked (x)

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23
Q

with the mark-recapture method what is population size estimated by?

A

N= sn/x

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24
Q

what do births and immigration do for a population?

A

add individuals

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25
Q

what do deaths and emmigration do for a population?

A

remove individuals

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26
Q

what influences the spacing of individuals in a population?

A

environmental and social factors

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27
Q

in a clumped dispersion what happens to individuals?

A

they aggregate in patches

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28
Q

what may a clumped dispersion be influenced by?

A

resource availability and behavior

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29
Q

the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time

A

demography

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30
Q

what are particular interest of demographers?

A

death rates and birth rates

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31
Q

a dispersion where individuals are evenly distributed

A

uniform dispersion

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32
Q

what may a uniform dispersion be influenced by?

A

territoriality

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33
Q

the defesne of a bounded space against other individuals

A

territoriatly

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34
Q

an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population

A

life-table

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35
Q

what is a life-table best be made by following the fate of and what is that?

A

a cohort, a group of individuals of the same age

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36
Q

what is an example that the life table of the Belding’s ground squirrels reveal about this population?

A

it provides data on the proportions of males and females alive at each age

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37
Q

the position of each individual is independent of other individuals

A

random dispersion

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38
Q

when does random dispersion occur?

A

in the absence of strong attractions or repulsions

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39
Q

a graphic way of respresenting the data in a life table

A

survivorship curve

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40
Q

what does the survivialship curve for the Belding’s ground squirrels show?

A

a relatively constant death rate and that females live longer

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41
Q

for species with sexual reproduction what do demographers often concentrate on?

A

females in a population

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42
Q

what do ecologists use many appraches to estimate?

A

the number of breeding females

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43
Q

whatis an example of ecologists using appraches to estimate the number of breeding females?

A

DNA profiling was used to determine the number of female loggerhead turtles laying eggs in is a season

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44
Q

of the 3 types of survivorship curves what is type 1?

A

low death rates an middle life and an increase in death rates among older groups

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45
Q

of the 3 types of survivorship curves what is type 2?

A

a constant death rate over the organism’s lifespan

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46
Q

of the 3 types of survivorship curves what is type 3?

A

high death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors

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47
Q

of the 3 types of survivorship curves what are many species?

A

intermediate to these curves

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48
Q

what does the exponential model describe population growth in?

A

an idealized, unlimited environment

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49
Q

what type of situation is it useful to study population growth?

A

an idealized one

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50
Q

what do idealized situation help us understand?

A

the capcity of species to increase and the conditions that may facilitate this growth

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51
Q

of the 3 types of survivorship curves what are humans?

A

type 1

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52
Q

an age-specific summary of the resproductive rates in a population

A

reproductive table or fertility schedule

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53
Q

what does a reproductive table describe the reproductive patterns of ?

A

a population

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54
Q

what is the equation for per capita rate of increase?

A

change in population size= births + immigrants entering pop- deaths - emmigrants leaving pop

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55
Q

what does a population’s growth rate (per capita increase) equal if immigration and emigration is ignored?

A

birth rates minus death rate

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56
Q

occurs when the birth rate equals the death rate (r=0)

A

zero population growth (ZPG)

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57
Q

a population increase under idealized conditions

A

exponential population growth

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58
Q

under an exponential population growth what happens to the rate of increase ?

A

it’s at the maximum, denoted as rmax

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59
Q

what can births and deaths be expressed as?

A

the average numbers of birth and deaths per individual during the specified time interval

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60
Q

what does exponential population growth result in?

A

a J-shaped curve

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61
Q

with exponential population growth what is the rate of increase?

A

constant but the population accumulates new individuals per unit time when its is large than when it is small

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62
Q

what does the j-shaped curve of exponential growth characterize?

A

some rebounding populations

63
Q

what is an example of a rebounding population?

A

the elephant population in Kruger National Park, South Africa grew exponentially after hunting was banned

64
Q

the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached

A

logistic population growth model

65
Q

what does the logitstic model start with and what does it add?

A

exponential model and adds an expression that reduces per capita rate of increase as N approaches K

66
Q

what does the logistic model of population growth produce?

A

a sigmoid (s-shaped) curve

67
Q

what’s added to the population most rapidly at an intermediate population size in the logistic model?

A

new individuals

68
Q

what happens to the population rate with the logistic model?

A

growth rate increases as N approaches K

69
Q

when N is small compared to K (K-N) what happens?

A

K is close to 1 and per capita rate of increase approaches the maximum

70
Q

when N is larged compared to K (K-N) what happens?

A

K is close to 0 and the per capita rate of increase is small

71
Q

when N equals K what happens?

A

the population stops growing

72
Q

what does the logistic model describe?

A

how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity

73
Q

what can’t be sustatined for long in any pop?

A

exponential growth

74
Q

what limits growth by incorporating a carrying capacity?

A

a more realistic population model

75
Q

(K) the maximum population size the environment can support

A

carrying capacity

76
Q

what does carrying capacity vary with?

A

the abundances of limiting resources

77
Q

what type of curve does the growth of laboratory populations of paramecia fit?

A

an S-shaped curve

78
Q

in a logistic model and real population what type of environment are these organism grown in and what do they lack?

A

a constant environment lacking predators and competitors

79
Q

what does the logistic model fit?

A

few real populations but is useful for estimating possible growth

80
Q

what can conservation biologists use the logistic model for?

A

to estimate the critical size below which population may become extinct

81
Q

3 main variables of life history (3) (AHH)

A

1) the age at which reproduction begins
2) how often the organism reproduces
3) how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode

82
Q

what do some populations overshoot before settling down to a relatively stable denstiy

A

K

83
Q

when species exhibit a big-bang reproductions, reproduce once and die

A

semelparity

84
Q

when species exhibit repeated reproduction, produce offspring repeatedly

A

iteroparity

85
Q

what does highly variable or unpredictable environments likely favor?

A

semelparity

86
Q

what might dependable environments favor?

A

iteroparity

87
Q

what do some populations do and what does it make it difficult to define?

A

fluctuate and make it difficult to define K

88
Q

when individuals have a more difficult time surviving or reproducing if the population size is too small that some population shown

A

an allee effect

89
Q

what are life history traits a product of?

A

natural selection

90
Q

comprises the traits that affect the schedule of reproduction and survival in an organism

A

life history

91
Q

what are life history traits an evolutionary oucome reflected in? (3) (DPB)

A

1) the development
2) physiology
3) behavior in an organism

92
Q

what type of resources do organisms have and what does it lead to?

A

finite resources, may lead to trade-offs between survival and reproduction

93
Q

what is an example of a trade-off?

A

a trade-off between survival and parental care in European Kestrels

94
Q

what are the concepts of K-selection and r-selection?

A

oversimplications but stimulated alternative hypothesis or life history evolution

95
Q

what do other types of plants produce?

A

a moderate number of large seeds that provide a large store of energy that will help seedlings become established

96
Q

what are many factors that regulate population growth?

A

density dependent

97
Q

2 general questions about regulation of population growth

A

1) what environmental factors stop a population from growing indefinitly
2) why do some populations show radical fluctuations in size over time but others remain stable?

98
Q

what do some plants produce a large number of?

A

small seeds

99
Q

what does plants producing a large number of small seeds ensure?

A

that at lease some of them will grow and eventually reproduce

100
Q

selects life history traits that are sensitive to population density. density-dependent selection

A

K-selection

101
Q

selects for lifehistory traits that maximize reproduction. density-independent selection

A

R-selection

102
Q

when birthrate and death rate do not change with population density

A

density-independent populations

103
Q

when birthrates fall and death rate rise with population density

A

density-dependent populations

104
Q

in crowded populations what happens to increasing population density?

A

it intensifies competition for resources and results in a lower birth rate

105
Q

what can population density influence?

A

the health and survival of organisms

106
Q

what can happen regarding diseases in dense populations?

A

pathogens can spread more rapidly

107
Q

what are density-dependent birth and death rates an example of?

A

negative feedback that regulates population growth

108
Q

what factors are density-dependent birth and death rates affected by? (6) (CTDPTI)

A

1) competition for resources
2) territoriality
3) disease
4) predation
5) toxic wastes
6) instrinsic factors

109
Q

as prey population builds up, predators may be preferentially on that species

A

predation

110
Q

in some populations whhat does instrincic (physoiological) factors appear to regulate?

A

population size

111
Q

in many vertebrates and some invertebrates what may competition for territory limit?

A

density

112
Q

a study that focuses on the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in population size

A

population dynamics

113
Q

what can accumulation of toxic wastes contribute to?

A

density-dependent regulation of population size

114
Q

what have long-term population studies challenged?

A

the hypothesis that populations of large mammals are relatively stable over time

115
Q

what can affect population size over time?

A

both weather and predator population

116
Q

what is an example of both weather and predator population affecting population size over time?

A

the moose population on the Isle Royale collapsed during a harsh winter, and when wolf numbers peaked

117
Q

what do some populations under go?

A

regular boom-and-bust cycles

118
Q

what do lynx populations follow?

A

the 10 year boom-and-bust cycle of hare populations

119
Q

what has been proposed to explain the hares’s 10 year interval?

A

two main hypotheses

120
Q

What was the first hypothesis about the hare’s 10 year interval?

A

The hare’s population cycle follow a cyocle of winter food supply

121
Q

if the first hypothesis was correct what does that mean?

A

that the cycles should stop if the food supply is increased

122
Q

in the first hypothesis what was provided experimentally to a hare population and what happened?

A

additional food, the whole population increased in size but continued to cycle

123
Q

does the first hyptothesis support the other one?

A

no

124
Q

what is the second hypothesis about the hare’s 10 year interval?

A

the hare’s population cycle is driven by pressure from other predators

125
Q

in a study conducted by field ecologists what happened to the hares?

A

95% of the hares were killed by predators including lynx, coyotes, hawks and owls

126
Q

does the second hypothesis support the other one?

A

yes

127
Q

what is a major factor influencing predator prey population dynamics?

A

availability of prey

128
Q

when prey becomes scarce what happens?

A

predator species begin to prey on one another, accelerating collapse of predator populations

129
Q

what does an individual’s ability to move between populations depend on?

A

a number of factors, including its genetic makeup

130
Q

what is an example of genetic makeup being the cause of an individuals ability to move between populations?

A

Glanville frillary butterflies that are heterozygous at the Pgi gene fly further at low temperatures than homozygous individuals

131
Q

2 configurations that exists to maintain population stability in a human population

A

1) zero population growth= high birthrate-high death rate

2) zero population growth= low birthrate- low death rate

132
Q

the move from the firt state to the second state

A

demographic transition

133
Q

what is happening to human populations?

A

it’s no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing rapidly

134
Q

what is true of populations?

A

no population can grow indefinitely and humans are no exception

135
Q

what is the global population?

A

more than 7 billion people

136
Q

though the global population is still growing, what was happening in the 1960s?

A

it began to slow

137
Q

what is the demographic transition associated with?

A

an increase in the quality of health care and improved access to education, especially for women

138
Q

where is most of the current global population growth concentrated in?

A

developing countries

139
Q

what is true of human population?

A

it increased relatively slowly until about 1650 and then began to grow exponentially

140
Q

what is an important demographic factor in present and future growth trends?

A

a country’s age structure

141
Q

the relative number of individuals at each age

A

age structure

142
Q

how many humans can the biosphere support a according to population ecologists?

A

they predict a global population of 8.1-10.6 billion people in 2050

143
Q

what can age structure diagrams predict

A

a population’s growth trends

144
Q

what can age structure illuminate?

A

social conditions and help us plan for the future

145
Q

what is the estimated carrying capacity of Earth for humans?

A

it’s uncertain

146
Q

what have scientists based estimates on about carrying capacity for Earth for humans? (3) (LAF)

A

1) logistic growth models
2 ) area of habitable land
3) food availability

147
Q

what can ecological footprints be calculated by?

A

using energy use

148
Q

what does average per capita energy use differ greatly between?

A

developed and developing nations

149
Q

what varies greatly among developed and developing countrites but does not capture the wide range of human condition?

A

infant mortality and life expectancy at birth

150
Q

summarizes the aggregate land and water area needed to sustain the people of a nation

A

ecological footprint concept

151
Q

what is the ecological footprint concept one measure of?

A

how close we are to the carrying capacity of Earth

152
Q

what doe countries vary greatly in the ecological footprint concept?

A

footprint size and available ecological capacity

153
Q

what could our capacity potentially be limited by? (4) (FSNB)

A

1) food
2) space
3) non-renewable resources
4) buildup of wastes

Biology 201 (18 decks)

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