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Biology 201 > Lecture Exam #1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

in 1859 when a new era of biology began, what did Charles Darwin publish?

A

The Origin of Species

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2
Q

what did the Origin of Species focus biologigts’ attention on?

A

the great diversity of organisms

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3
Q

what can evolution be defined by?

A

Darwin’s phrase descent with modification

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4
Q

what can evolution be viewed as?

A

a pattern and a process

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5
Q

who was the founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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6
Q

who was Darwin influenced by?

A

Thomas Malthus

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7
Q

what did Malthus note?

A

the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources

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8
Q

who hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics?

A

Lamarck

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9
Q

were Lamarck’s mechanism’s supported by evidence?

A

no

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10
Q

what helped darwin lay the groundwork for his ideas?

A

fossils

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11
Q

is the newest strata on top or bottom?

A

top

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12
Q

remains or traces of organisms from the past

A

fossils

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13
Q

where are fossils usually found?

A

in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers called strata

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14
Q

During Darwin’s travel of the Beagle what did he collect?

A

South American plants and animals

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15
Q

what was Darwin influenced by and thought the earth was more than 6,000 years old?

A

Lyell’s Principles of Geology

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16
Q

what was Darwin’s interest in geographic distribution of species kindled by?

A

a stop at the Galapagos Islands west of South America

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17
Q

what did he hypothesize about the species from South America?

A

that they had colonized the Galapagos and speciated on the islands

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18
Q

when Darwin reassessed his observations what did he precieve as to why the environment and the origin of new species are a closely related process?

A

adaption

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19
Q

what did Darwin conlude from his voyage?

A

that adaption must be what happened to the finches

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20
Q

when species become different species

A

speciation

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21
Q

Darwin’s 3 broad observations (UDM)

A

1) the unity of life
2) the diversity of life
3) match between organisms and their environment

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22
Q

the belief that Darwin had that all organisms are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past.

A

Descent with modification

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23
Q

a process that Darwin noted where humans have modified their species by selection and breeding individuals with desired traits

A

artificial selection

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24
Q

what was Darwin’s first observation?

A

members of a population often varied in their inherited traits

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25
Q

what was Darwin’s 2nd observation?

A

all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce

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26
Q

what was Darwin’s first inference?

A

individuals with traits that make them more likely to survive will tend to leave more offspring.

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27
Q

what was Darwin’s second inference?

A

this unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

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28
Q

what does inference 2’s process explain?

A

the match between organisms and their environment

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29
Q

individuals with certain heritable traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals

A

natural selection

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30
Q

what does natural selection increase the match between?

A

organisms and their environment over time

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31
Q

what is the result of natural selection if an environment changes over time?

A

it may result in adaption to these new conditions and may give rise to new species.

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32
Q

what evolves with evolution?

A

individuals do NOT evolve; populations evolve over time

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33
Q

what can natural selection do?

A

increase or decrease heritable traits that vary in population

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34
Q

what do adaptions vary with?

A

different environments

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35
Q

what are the four types of data that document the pattern of evolution?

A

1) direct observations
2) homology
3) the fossil record
4) biogeorgraphy

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36
Q

what did direct observation of evolutionary show?

A

evidence of natural selection

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37
Q

in direct observation what was natural selection in response to?

A

1) introduced plant species

2) the evolution of drug-resistant bacteria

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38
Q

when is feeding most effective?

A

when beak length is closely matched to seed depth within the fruit

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39
Q

what bacterium is commonly found in people?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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40
Q

what one strain of a drug-resistant bacteria is a dangerous pathogen?

A

methicillin-resistant S. auerus (MRSA)

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41
Q

how does methicillin work?

A

by inhibiting a protein used by bacteria to produce cell walls

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42
Q

when are MRSA strains more likely to survive and reproduce than nonresistant S. auresus strains?

A

when exposed to methicillin

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43
Q

what are MRSA strains now resistant towards?

A

many antibiotics

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44
Q

what does natural selection create?

A

NOT new traits bu edits or selects for traits already present in the population.

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45
Q

what determines which traits will be selected for or selected in any specific population?

A

the current, local enviornment

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46
Q

similarity resulting in common ancestry

A

homology

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47
Q

anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor

A

homologous structures

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48
Q

a type of homology that reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms.

A

comparative embryology

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49
Q

what is an example of comparative embryology?

A

all verterbrate embryos have a post-anal tail and pharyngeal arches

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50
Q

remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors

A

vestigial structures

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51
Q

what are examples of homologies at the molecular level?

A

genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor

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52
Q

hypotheses about the relationship among different groups.

A

evolutionary trees

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53
Q

what do homologies form in evolutionary trees?

A

nested patterns

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54
Q

how can evolutionary trees be made?

A

using different types of data

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55
Q

what is an example of the different types of data made by evolutionary trees?

A

anatomical and DNA sequence data

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56
Q

the evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups

A

convergent evolution

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57
Q

what does convergent evolution not provide information about?

A

ancestry

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58
Q

provides evidence of the extinction of species, the origin of new groups and changes within groups over time

A

fossil record

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59
Q

what do fossil records prove?

A

similarities to present day organisms

60
Q

what can fossils document?

A

important transistions

61
Q

what is an example of an important transition that fossils documented?

A

the transition from land to sea in the ancestors of cetaceans

62
Q

the scientific study of geographic distribution of species, provides evidence of evolution

A

biogeography

63
Q

what was Earth’s single large continent called?

A

Pangaea

64
Q

what caused Pangaea to separate?

A

continental drift (earthquakes, natural events)

65
Q

what does an understanding of continent movement and modern distrubution of species allow us to predict?

A

when and where different groups evolved

66
Q

types of species that are not found anywhere in the world

A

Endemic species

67
Q

how did Darwin explain endemic species?

A

he said that species from the mainland colonized islands and gave rise to new species as they adapted to new environments.

68
Q

in science, what does a theory account for?

A

many observations and data and attempts to explain and intergrate a great variety of phenomena

69
Q

what does Darwin theory of evolution by natural selection integrate?

A

diverse areas of biological study

70
Q

what did the diverse areas of biological study from Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection stimulate?

A

many new research questions

71
Q

what adds to our understanding of evolution?

A

ongoing research

72
Q

the study of heredity, the process in which a parent passes certain genes onto their children

A

genetics

73
Q

what are some specific traits that a parent may pass to their child through genetics? (3) (PNG)

A

1) physical characteristics
2) natural talents
3) genetic disorders

74
Q

describes how some traits are passed from parents to their children

A

heredity

75
Q

small sections of DNA that are coded for specific traits

A

genes

76
Q

where are genes found?

A

on chromosomes

77
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23, one set from each parent

78
Q

any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotype effects

A

allele

79
Q

fully expressed in phenotype of a heterozygote

A

dominant

80
Q

phenotype effect is not observed in a heterozygote

A

recessive

81
Q

having two identical alleles for a given gene

A

homozygous

82
Q

having two different alleles for a given gene

A

heterozygous

83
Q

the genetic makeup, or set of alleles of an organism

A

genotype

84
Q

the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup

A

phenotype

85
Q

the inherited traits are determined by genes that are passed from parents to children

A

mendelian inheritance

86
Q

according to mendelian inheritance what is true of a trait and gene?

A

a trait may not be observable, but its gene can be passed to the next generation

87
Q

according to Mendel if mom has freckles (F) and dad doesn’t (f) what is true of the child?

A

it has inherited the gene pair of alleles (Ff)

88
Q

the idea that genetic material from two parents blends together (blue and yellow paint make green)

A

“blending” hypothesis

89
Q

the idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes)

A

“particulate” hypothesis

90
Q

how did Mendel document a particulate mechanism?

A

through his experiments with garden peas

91
Q

what did Mendel discover through his experiments with breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments?

A

the basic principle of heredity

92
Q

advantages of pea plants for genetic study (4) (MMEC)

A

1) many varieties with heritable features, or characters (color)
2) mating of plants can be controlled
3) each pea plant has sperm-producuing organs (stamens) and egg-producing organs (carpels)
4) cross-pollination

93
Q

what are character varients called such as purple or white flowers?

A

traits

94
Q

fertilization between different plants and can be achieved by dusting one plants with pollen from another

A

cross-pollination

95
Q

mating two contrasting, true-breeding varieties

A

hybridization

96
Q

in a typical experiment, what did Mendel do?

A

hybridization

97
Q

what are true-breeding parents called?

A

the P (parental) generation

98
Q

what is the hybrid offspring of the P generation called?

A

the F1 generation

99
Q

when F1 individuals self-pollinate what is produced?

A

the F2 generation

100
Q

when Mendel crossed contrasting, true-breeding white and purple flowered pea plants what happened?

A

all of the F1 hybrids were purple

101
Q

when Mendel crossed the F1 hybrids, what was the result?

A

many of the F2 plants had purple flowers, but some had white

102
Q

what did Mendel discover from crossing the purple and white flowers?

A

the three to one ratio, purple to white flowers in the F2 generation

103
Q

what did Mendel always begin his experiments with?

A

true breeding parents

104
Q

those when self-pollinated, all offspring are the same variety

A

true breeding parents

105
Q

during hybridization does blending occur?

A

no

106
Q

with hybridization was the white flower trait lost?

A

no, it either, wasn’t diluted. it showed up in the second generation

107
Q

what did Mendel reason about the color of the flowers?

A

that only the purple flower factor was affecting flower color in the F1 hybrids

108
Q

what did Mendel call the purple and white flower color?

A

the purple color a dominant trait and the white a recessive

109
Q

what else did Mendel observe to prove his point?

A

the same pattern of inheritence of 6 other pea plants characters, each represented by 2 traits

110
Q

what did Mendel call what we now call a gene?

A

a “heritable factor”

111
Q

what did Mendel develop a hyptothesis to explain?

A

the 3:1 inheritence pattern he observed in F2 offspring

112
Q

how many related concepts make up Mendel’s model?

A

4

113
Q

what are the four concepts of Mendels model related to?

A

what we now know about genes and chromosomes

114
Q

what is the 1st concept of Mendel’s model?

A

that alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters

115
Q

what is an example of the 1st concept of Mendel’s model?

A

the gene for flower color in pea plants exist in 2 versions, one for purple flower and the other for white

116
Q

what are the alernative versions of genes now called?

A

alleles

117
Q

where does each gene reside at?

A

a specific locus on a specific chromosome

118
Q

what is the 2nd concept of mendel’s model?

A

for each character an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent

119
Q

what did Mendel make his deduction without knowing about the character inheriting 2 alleles?

A

the role of chromosomes

120
Q

According to Mendel’s 2nd concept, what may be true of the two alleles at a locus on a chromosome?

A

they may be identical, as in the true-breeding plants of Mendel’s P generation or they may differ as in the F1 hybrids

121
Q

what is the 3rd concept of Mendel’s model?

A

if two alleles at a locus differ, then one (the dominant allele) determines the organism’s appearance and the other (recessive) has no noticeable effect on appearance

122
Q

what is an example of the 3rd concept of Mendel’s model?

A

the flower-color, the F1 plants had purple flowers because the allele for that trait is dominant

123
Q

what is the fourth concept of Mendel’s model

A

now known as the law of segregation

124
Q

states that two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

A

law of segregation

125
Q

how can the possible combination of sperm and egg be shown?

A

in a punnett square

126
Q

a diagram for predicting the results of a genetic cross between individuals of known genetic makeup

A

punnett square

127
Q

what represents a dominant and recessive allelle?

A

a capital letter for dominant and lower-case for recessive

128
Q

are homozygotes true-breeding?

A

yes

129
Q

are heterozygotes true-breeding?

A

no

130
Q

because of the different effects of dominant and recessive alleles what do an organisms traits no always reveal?

A

its genetic composition

131
Q

if the offspring display the recessive phenotype what must the mystery parents be?

A

heterozygous

132
Q

an observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals

A

population

133
Q

one or two or more detectable variants in a genetic character

A

trait

134
Q

referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination

A

true breeding

135
Q

a cross between two oraganisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant)

A

monohybrid cross

136
Q

the first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (p generation) cross

A

F1 generation

137
Q

the offspring resuling from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation

A

F2 generation

138
Q

how does sexual recombination generate genetic variability?

A

by recombining existing alleles

139
Q

a localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

A

population

140
Q

a population or group of populations whose members have he potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups

A

species

141
Q

consists of all the alleles for all loci in a population

A

gene pool

142
Q

the contribution of an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population

A

relative fitness

143
Q

genetic variation that does not provide selective advantage or disadvantage

A

neutral variation

144
Q

5 conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (5) (NRNEN)

A

1) no mutations
2) random mating
3) no natural selection
4) extremely large population
5) no gene flow

145
Q

the evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups

A

convergent evolution

146
Q

when does analagous traits arise?

A

when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways

147
Q

what does convergent evolution not provide?

A

information about ancestry

Biology 201 (18 decks)

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