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Biology 201 > Lecture Exam #4 Ch. 34 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #4 Ch. 34 Flashcards

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1
Q

where do the animals called vertebrates get their name from?

A

vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the backbone

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2
Q

what modern animals did vertebrates give rise to? (3) (ARM)

A

1) amphibians
2) reptiles (including birds)
3) mammals

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3
Q

how many vertebrates are there on Earth and what do they include?

A

57,000 and they include some of the largest organisms

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4
Q

what do verterbrates have?

A

great disparity with a wide range of differences within the group

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5
Q

what do chordates have?

A

a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

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6
Q

what type of animals are chordates and what clade do they belong to?

A

they are bilaterian and they belong to the clade konwn as dueterostomia

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7
Q

what does chordates comprise?

A

1) all vertebrates

2) group of invertebrates, the urochordates and cephalochordates

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8
Q

what do all chordates share?

A

a set of derived characteristics

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9
Q

what do some species of chordates have?

A

some of the derived traits only during embryonic development

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10
Q

4 key characters of chordates (NDPM)

A

1) notochord
2) dorsal, hollow nerve cord
3) pharyngeal slits or clefts
4) muscular, post-anal tail

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11
Q

a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord

A

notochord

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12
Q

what does the notochord provide?

A

skeletal support throughout most of the length of the chordate

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13
Q

in most verterbrates what devleops

A

a more complex, jointed skeletal and the adult retains only the remnants of the embroynoic notochord

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14
Q

what does the nerve cord of a chordate embryo develop from?

A

a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord

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15
Q

what does the nerve cord develop into?

A

the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord)

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16
Q

found in most chordates, grooves in the pharynx that develop into slits that open to the outside of the body

A

pharyngeal clefts

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17
Q

functions of the pharyngeal slits (3) (SGD)

A

1) suspension- feeding structures in many inveterbrate chordates
2) gas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)
3) develop into parts of the ear, head and neck in tetrapods

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18
Q

in many chordate species what is greatly reduced during embryonic development?

A

the tail

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19
Q

what does the tail provide in many aquatic animals?

A

propelling force

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20
Q

what are lancelets (cephalochordata) named for?

A

their bladelike shape

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21
Q

what type of feeders are lancelets?

A

marine suspension feeders

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22
Q

what do lancelets retain as adults?

A

the characteristics of the chordate body plan

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23
Q

what is more closely related to chordates than lancelets?

A

tunicates

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24
Q

when does tunicates most resemble chordates?

A

during their larval stage (which may only last a few min)

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25
Q

what does a tunicate do as an adult?

A

draws in water through an incurrent siphon, filtering food particles

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26
Q

what do tunicates or “sea squirts” do when attacked?

A

shoot water through their excurrent siphon

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27
Q

what may have ancestral chordates resembled?

A

lancelets

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28
Q

where are the same hox genes that organize the vertebrate brain expressed in as well

A

the lancelets’s simple nerve cord tip

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29
Q

what does the sequencing of the tunicate genome indicate? (2) (GG)

A

1) genes associated with the heart and thyroid are common to all chordates
2) genes associated with transmission of nerve impulses are unique to vertebrates

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30
Q

what two essential tasks does the skeletal system and nervous system allow vertebraes to do? (2) (CE)

A

1) capture food

2) evade predators

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31
Q

how many sets of hox genes does vertebrates have?

A

two or more

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32
Q

how many hox genes do lancelets and tunicates have?

A

only one cluster

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33
Q

derived characteristics of vertebrates (VEF) (3)

A

1) vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
2) an elaborate skull
3) fin rays, in aquatic forms

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34
Q

what does fossil evidence show that the earliest vertebrates lacked?

A

jaws

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35
Q

what two lineage of jawless vertebrates remain?

A

hagfishes and lampreys

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36
Q

what do members of hagfishes and lampreys lack?

A

a backbone

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37
Q

what indicates that hagfishes and lampreys are vertebrates?

A

the presence of rudimentary vertebrae and the results of phylogentic analysis

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38
Q

what clade of living jawless vertebrates do the hagfishes and and lampreys form together?

A

cyclostomes

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39
Q

what much larger clade do vertebrates with jaws make up?

A

gnathostomes

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40
Q

characterisitcs of hagfishes (4) (JCRF)

A

1) jawless vertebrates
2) have a carliganious skull
3) reduced vertebrae
4) flexible rod of cartlage derived from the notochord

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41
Q

what small features do hagfishes have?

A

small brain, eyes, ears and tooth-like formations

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42
Q

what type of animals are hagfishes?

A

marine, most are bottom-dwelling scavengers

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43
Q

how do the parasites, lampreys (Petromyzontida) eat?

A

ones that feed by clamping their mouth onto live fish

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44
Q

what type of environments do lampreys inhabit?

A

various marine and freshwater habitats

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45
Q

what does lampreys have?

A

cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord and acrhing partly over the nerve cord

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46
Q

what documents the transitions to craniates?

A

fossils from the cambrian explosion

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47
Q

what were the most primitive of the fossils from the Cambrian evolution?

A

those of the 3-cm-long Haikouella

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48
Q

characteristics of the Haikouella (4) (WEMN)

A

1) well-formed brain,
2) eyes
3) muscular segments
4) no skull or ear organs

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49
Q

what were among the earliest verterbrates in the fossil record, dating from 500 to 200 million years ago?

A

conodonts

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50
Q

what did condodonts have?

A

mineralized skeletal elements in their mouth and pharynx

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51
Q

what was common the fossil record of condodonts?

A

fossilized dental elements

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52
Q

what are other groups of jawless vertebrates armored with?

A

defensive plates of bone on their skin

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53
Q

what did minerlization of bone and teeth appear to have originated with?

A

vertebrate mouthparts

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54
Q

what became fully mineralized much later?

A

the vertebrate endoskeleton

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55
Q

today what outnumbers jawless vertebrates?

A

jawed vertebrates, gnathostomes

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56
Q

what do gnathostomes include? (6) (SRLARM)

A

1) sharks and their relatives
2) ray-finned fishes
3) lobe-finned fisehs
4) amphibians
5) reptiles (including birds)
6) mammals

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57
Q

what are gnathostomes named for?

A

their jaws

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58
Q

what does the jaws with the help of teeth in gnasthostomes help do?

A

grip food items firmly and slice them

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59
Q

what are the jaws of gnasthostomes hypothesized to have evolved by?

A

modificiation of skeletal rods that supported pharyngeal (gill) slits s

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60
Q

other characteristics common to gnathostomes (3) (GEA)

A

1) genome duplication including duplication of hox genes
2) an enlarged forebrain associated with enhanced smell and vision
3) in aquaitc gnathostomes the lateral line system, which is sensitive to vibration

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61
Q

what are the earliest gnasthostomes in the fossil record that appeared 440 million years ago?

A

an extinct lineage of armored verterbrates called placoderms

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62
Q

what is another group of jawed vertebrates called that radiated during the Silurian and Devonian periods (444 to 359 million years ago)?

A

acanthodians

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63
Q

what are three lineages of jawed vertebrates that survive today? (3) (CRL)

A

1) chondrichthyans
2) rayed-finned fisehs
3) lobe-fins

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64
Q

what do chondrichthyans include?

A

sharks, rays and their relatives

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65
Q

what do chondrichthyans have?

A

a skeleton composed primarily of cartlage

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66
Q

what does the largest and most diverse group of chdonrichtyans include?

A

sharks, rays and skates

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67
Q

what is a second subclass of chondorichythans composed of?

A

a few dozen species of ratfishes or chimaeras

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68
Q

what type of bodies do sharks have and what type of swimmers are they?

A

a streamlined body and are swift swimmers

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69
Q

what type of feeders are the largest sharks and what are most of them?

A

suspension feeders but most are carnivores

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70
Q

what type of digestive system do sharks have?

A

a short digestive tract with a ridge called the sprial valve

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71
Q

what does the spiral valve do for sharks’ digestive system?

A

increases the digestive surface area

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72
Q

what type of acute senses do sharks have?

A

sights, smell and the ability to detect electrical fields from nearby animals

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73
Q

how are sharks eggs fertilized?

A

internally but embryos can develop in different ways

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74
Q

different ways that embryos can develop in sharks (3) (OOV)

A

1) oviparous
2) ovoviviparous
3) vivparous

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75
Q

eggs hatch outside the mother’s body

A

oviparous

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76
Q

the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourised by the egg yolk

A

ovoviparous

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77
Q

the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood

A

vivparous

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78
Q

in sharks, what does the reproductive tracts, excretory system and digestive tract empty into?

A

a common cloaca

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79
Q

today, what are sharks severly threatened by?

A

overfishing (pacific population plummeted upto 95%)

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80
Q

what clade of gnasthostomes does the vast majority of vertebrates belong to?

A

osteichthyes

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81
Q

what do nearly all living osteichthyes have?

A

a bony endoskeleton

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82
Q

what does osteichthyans include?

A

bony fishes and tetrapods

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83
Q

what are aqautic osteichthyans?

A

vertebrates we informally call fishes

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84
Q

how do most fishes breath?

A

by drawing water over gills protected by an operculum

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85
Q

how do fishes control their buoyancy?

A

with an air sac known as a swim bladder

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86
Q

what do fishes have?

A

a lateral line system

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87
Q

what type of embryo development do most fishes have?

A

oviparous but some have internal fertilization and birthing

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88
Q

what does actinopterygii the ray-finned fishes include?

A

nearly all the familiar aquaitc osteichthyans

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89
Q

when did ray-finned fishes originate?

A

during the Silurian period

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90
Q

what are the fins of ray-finned fishes supported mainly by long, flexible rays modified for?

A

maneuvering, defense and other functions

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91
Q

what did industrial-scale fishing operations drive many ray-finned fish populations to do?

A

collapse

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92
Q

what are populations of ray-finned fishes also affected by and what does it change?

A

dams, and it changes water flow patters, affecting prey capture, migration and spawning

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93
Q

when did lobe-fins (sacropterygii) originate?

A

during the Silurian period

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94
Q

what do lobe-fins have and for what?

A

muscular pelvic and pectoral fins to swim and “walk” underwater across the substrate

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95
Q

what are the 3 lineages of lobe-fins that survive? (3) (CLT)

A

1) coelacanths
2) lungfishes
3) tetrapods

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96
Q

even though Coelacanths were thought to have become extinct 75 million years ago, what was caught?

A

a living coelacanth caught of the coast of South Africa in 1938

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97
Q

where are the living lungishes all found?

A

in the Southern Hemisphere

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98
Q

though gills are main organs for gas exhange in lungfishes what else can they do?

A

surface to gulp air into their lungs

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99
Q

what is the third surviving lineage of lobe-fins, tetrapods adapted to?

A

life on land

100
Q

what are tetrapods?

A

gnathostomes that have limbs

101
Q

what is one of the most significant events in vertebrate history?

A

when the fins of some lobe-fins evolved into the limbs and feet of tetrapods

102
Q

specific adaptions of tetrapods (5) (FNFAE)

A

1) four limbs, and feet with digits
2) a neck, which allows separate movement of the head
3) fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone
4) the absence of gills (except some aquatic species)
5) ears for detecting airborne sounds

103
Q

what does the Tikaalik, nicknamed “fishapod” show about the origin of tetrapods?

A

both fish and tetrapod characteristics

104
Q

what did the Tikaalik have? (4) (FRNF)

A

1) fins, gills, lungs, and scales
2) ribs to breathe air and support its body
3) a neck and shoulders
4) fins with a bone pattern of a tetrapod limb

105
Q

what could tiktaalik most likely do?

A

prop itself on its fins, but not walk

106
Q

when did the first tetrapod appear?

A

365 million years ago

107
Q

what are amphibians represented by?

A

6,150 species in three clades

108
Q

three clades of amphibians (3) (UAA)

A

1) urodela (salamanders)
2) anura (frogs)
3) apoda (caecillians)

109
Q

what are salamanders (urodela)?

A

amphibians with tails

110
Q

what type of animals are salamanders?

A

aquatic but others live on land as adults or throughout life

111
Q

the retention of juvenile features in sexually mature organisms which is common in aquatic species

A

paedomophosis

112
Q

what do frogs (anurans) lack and what do they have?

A

they lack tails and have powerful hind legs for locomotion on land

113
Q

what are frogs with leathery skin called?

A

“toads”

114
Q

characteristics of caecilians (apoda)

A

1) leggless
2) nearly blind
3) resemble earthworms

115
Q

what is the absence of legs in caecilians?

A

a secondary adaption

116
Q

what does amphibians mean and what does it refer to?

A

“both ways of life” and refers to the metamorphasis of an aquatic larva into a terrestrial adult

117
Q

what are tadpoles?

A

herbivores that lack legs

118
Q

what may arise during metamorphosis for tadpoles? (4) (LLEA)

A

1) legs
2) lungs
3) external eardrums
4) adaptions for carnivory

119
Q

what is fertilization in most amphibians and what does it require?

A

external and eggs require a moist environment

120
Q

where do males or females in some amphibians care for the eggs?

A

on their back, in their mouth or in their stomach

121
Q

what has been happening to amphibian populations in recent decades?

A

they’ve been declining

122
Q

what are the causes of the declining populations of amphibians in recent decades? (DHCP) (4)

A

1) a disease- causing chytrid fungus
2) habitat loss
3) climate change
4) pollution

123
Q

what are amniotes?

A

tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg

124
Q

what do amniotes include?

A

reptiles (including birds) and mammals

125
Q

what are amniotes named for?

A

the major derived character of the clade, the amniotic egg (contains membrains that protect the embryo)

126
Q

what does the extraembryonic membrane include?(4) (ACYA)

A

1) amnion
2) chorion
3) yolk sac
4) allatois

127
Q

what was the amniotic egg?

A

a key adaption to life on land

128
Q

what do amniotic eggs of most reptiles and some mammals have?

A

a shell

129
Q

what other terrestrial adapation do amniotes have? (2) (RA)

A

1) relatively impermeable skin

2) the ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs

130
Q

when did living amphibians and amniotes split from the common ancestor?

A

about 350 million years ago

131
Q

what were early amniotes more tolerant of than the first tetrapod?

A

dry conditions

132
Q

what were the earliest amniotes?

A

small predators with sharp teeth and long jaws

133
Q

what does the reptile clade include? (7) (TLSTCBS)

A

1) tuataras
2) lizards
3) snakes
4) turtles
5) crocodilians,
6) birds
7) some extinct groups

134
Q

what do reptiles have and what does it create?

A

scales that create a waterproof barrier

135
Q

what do most reptiles do?

A

lay shelled eggs on land

136
Q

what are most reptiles and what does that mean?

A

ectothermic, absorbs external heat as main source of body heat

137
Q

what do ectotherms regulate body temp through?

A

behavioral adaptions

138
Q

what are birds and what does that mean?

A

endothermic, capable of maintaining body temp through metabolism (like mammals)

139
Q

what were the first major group of reptiles to emerge and what were they?

A

parareptiles, mostly large, stocky quadrupal herbirvores

140
Q

as parareptiles were dwindling what were diversifying?

A

diapsids

141
Q

what are the two main lineages of diapsids? (2) (LA)

A

1) lepidosaurs

2) archosaurs

142
Q

what do lepidosaurs include? (4) (TLSE)

A

1) tutaras
2) lizards
3) snakes
4) extinct monosaurs

143
Q

what do archosaurs include? (3) (CPD)

A

1) crodolians
2) pterosaurs
3) dinosaurs

144
Q

what were the first tetrapods to exhibit flight?

A

pterosaurs

145
Q

what did dinosaurs diversify into

A

a vast range of shapes and sizes

146
Q

what did dinosaurs include from a group from which birds are descended?

A

theropods

147
Q

what did fossil discoveries and research lead to the conclusion about dinosaurs?

A

that many of them were agile and fast moving

148
Q

what else did paleontologists discover about dinosaurs?

A

signs of parental care among dinosaurs

149
Q

what did some anatomical evidence support the hypothesis about signs of parental care among dinosaurs?

A

some were endotherms

150
Q

when did dinosaurs with exception of birds become extinct?

A

by the end of the Cretaceous

151
Q

what may have the extinction of dinosaurs been caused by?

A

an asteroid

152
Q

what does the polygenetic position of turtles remain

A

uncertain

153
Q

what are the boxlike shells of turtles made of?

A

upper and lower shields that are fused to the vertebrae, clavicles and ribs

154
Q

what have some turtles adapated to?

A

deserts and others live entirely in pods and rivers

155
Q

where do the largest turtles live?

A

in the sea

156
Q

what are many species of sea turtles endangered by?

A

accidental capture in fishing nets or development of beaches where they lay eggs

157
Q

what is one surviving lineage of lepidosaurs represented by?

A

two species of lizard-like reptiles, tuataras

158
Q

what are living tuataras restricted to?

A

small islands off the coast of New Zealand

159
Q

what are tuataras threatened by?

A

introduced rats which consume their eggs

160
Q

besides tuataras what are other major living lineage of lepidosaurs? (3) (SLS)

A

1) squamates
2) lizards
3) snakes

161
Q

what are the most numerous and diverse reptiles, apart from birds?

A

squamates

162
Q

what are snakes?

A

leggless lepidosaurs that evolved from lizards

163
Q

what type of animals are snakes?

A

carnivorous and have adaptions to aid in capture and consumption of prey

164
Q

what does the adaption of snakes include? (4) (CHVL)

A

1) chemical sensors
2) heat-detecting organs
3) venom
4) loosely articulated jawbones and elastic skin

165
Q

what do crocodilians (crocodiles and allligators) belong to?

A

an archosaur lineage that dates back to the late triassic

166
Q

what are living crocodilians restricted to?

A

warm regions

167
Q

what are birds?

A

archosaurs but almost every feature of their reptilian anatomy has undergone modification in their adaption of flight (not all birds fly)

168
Q

what do many characters of birds have?

A

adaptions that faciliate flight

169
Q

what is a major adaption of birds?

A

wings with keratin feathers

170
Q

what do other adaptions of birds include? (4) (LFSL)

A

1) lack of urinary bladder
2) females with only one ovary
3) small gonads
4) loss of teeth

171
Q

what does flight enhance for birds? (3) (HEM)

A

1) hunting and scavenging
2) escape from terrestrial predators
3) migration

172
Q

what does flight require for birds? (3) (GAM)

A

1) great expenditure of energy
2) acute vision
3) muscle control

173
Q

what did birds probably descend from?

A

small therapods (group of carnivorous dinosaurs)

174
Q

what might have early feathers evolved for in birds? (3) (ICC)

A

1) insulation
2) camaflogue
3) courtship display

175
Q

by 160 million years ago, what had feathered therapods evolved into?

A

birds

176
Q

what remains as the oldest known bird?

A

archaeopteryx

177
Q

what clade do living birds belong to?

A

neomithes

178
Q

several speices of birds that are flightless (3) (eakRPC)

A

1) retites, order struthioniformes
2) penguins, order sphenisciformes
3) certain species of rails, ducks and pigeons

179
Q

what did the demand of flight render the gernal body form for birds?

A

many flying birds similar to one another

180
Q

characters that bird species can be distinguished by? (6)(PCFBBF)

A

1) profile
2) color
3) flying style
4) behavior
5) beak shape
6) foot structure

181
Q

what are mammals?

A

amniotes that have hair and produce milk

182
Q

what class are mammals and what are they represented by?

A

mammalia, represented by more than 5300 species

183
Q

derived characters of mammals (MHHLD) (5)

A

1) mammary glands which produce milk
2) hair
3) a high metabolic rate, due to endothermy
4) a larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size
5) differentiated teeth

184
Q

what type of animals are mammals?

A

synapsids

185
Q

in the evolution of mammals from early syapsids what were two bones that formerly made up the jaw joint incorporated into?

A

the mamalian middle ear

186
Q

by the early creataceous what did the three living lineages of mammals include? (MME)

A

1) monotremes (egg laying)
2) marsupial
3) eutherians

187
Q

what did mammals NOT undergo?

A

significant adaptive radiaion until after the cretaceous

188
Q

small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the patypus

A

monotremes

189
Q

what do marsupials include? (3) (OKK)

A

1) opossums
2) kangaroos
3) koalas

190
Q

what does the embryo of marsupials develop within?

A

a placenta in the mother’s uterus

191
Q

when is a marsupial born?

A

very early in its development

192
Q

when does marsupials complete embroynic development?

A

while nursing in a maternal pouch called a marsupium

193
Q

in some species of marsupials such as the bandicoot what happens?

A

the marsupian opens to the rear of the mother’s body

194
Q

in Australia what did convergent evolution result in?

A

a diversity of marsupials that resemble eutherians in other parts of the world

195
Q

compared to marsupials what do eutherians have?

A

a more complex placenta

196
Q

where do young eutherians complete their embryonic development within?

A

a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta

197
Q

what gives conflicting dates on the diversification of eutherians?

A

molecular and morphilogical data

198
Q

what does the mammalian order Primates include? (4) (LTMA)

A

1) lemurs
2) tarsiers
3) monkeys
4) apes

199
Q

what are humans members of?

A

the ape group

200
Q

what are the 3 main groups of living primates? (3) (LTA)

A

1) lemurs, lorises and bush babies
2) tarsiers
3) anthropoids (monkeys and apes)

201
Q

what derived characteristic do most primates have?

A

hands and feet adapted for grasping and flat nails

202
Q

what does the oldest anthropoid fossils about 45 million years old indicate?

A

that tarsiers are more closely related to anthropoids than to lemurs

203
Q

where did the first monkeys evolve?

A

in the Old World (Africa and Asia)

204
Q

when did monkey first appear in the New World (South America)?

A

roughly 25 million years ago

205
Q

what did the New and Old world undergo during their many millions of years of separation?

A

separate adaptive radiations

206
Q

what do the other group of anthropoids consist of?

A

primates informally called apes

207
Q

what does the ape group include? (6) (GOGCBH)

A

1) gibbons
2) orangutans
3) gorillas
4) chimpanzees
5) bonobos
6) humans

208
Q

where did apes diverge from 25-30 million years ago?

A

old world monkeys

209
Q

what are humans?

A

mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion

210
Q

how old is the species Homo Sapiens?

A

200,000 years old

211
Q

characteristics of humans that distinguish them from other apes (4) (ULRS)

A

1) upright posture and bipedal locomotion
2) larger brains
3) reduced jawbone and jaw muscles
4) shorter digestive tract

212
Q

what is the human’s larger brain capable of? (4) (LSAM)

A

1) language
2) symbolic thought
3) artistic expression
4) the manufacture and use of complex tools

213
Q

how identical are the human and chimpanzee genomes?

A

99%

214
Q

what can have a large effect on humans?

A

change in regulatory genes

215
Q

the study of human origins

A

paleoanthropology

216
Q

what are hominins (formerly called hominids) more closely related to?

A

humans more than chimpanzees

217
Q

what did paleoanthropologists discover about humans?

A

fossils of about 20 species of extinct hominins

218
Q

what does the oldest fossil evidence of hominins date back to?

A

6.5 million years ago

219
Q

what did early hominins show evidence of?

A

small brains and increasing bipedalism

220
Q

what is the correction for the misconception that early hominins were chimpanzees?

A

hominins and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor

221
Q

what is the correction for the misconception that human evolution is like a ladder leading directly to homo sapiens?

A

Hominin evolution included many branches or coexisting species, though only humans survive today

222
Q

a paraphyletic assemblage of hominins living between 4 and 2 million years ago

A

australopiths

223
Q

what species of australophiths walked fully erect?

A

Australopithecus afarensis

224
Q

what did “robust” australopiths have?

A

sturdy skulls and powerful jaws

225
Q

what were “gracile” australopiths?

A

more slender and had lighter jaws

226
Q

when did hominins being to walk long distances on two legs?

A

about 1.9 million years ago

227
Q

what was bipedal walking?

A

energy efficient in the arid environments inhabited by hominins at the time

228
Q

what showed the oldest evidence of tool use 2.5 million years ago?

A

cut marks on animal bones

229
Q

what did fossil evidence indicate about tool use?

A

that it may have originated prior to the evolution of large brains

230
Q

what are the earliest fossils place in our genus Homo ranging in age from 2.4 to 1.6 million years ago?

A

Homo habalis

231
Q

what was found with homo habalis and which gave them this nickname?

A

stone tools, “handy man”

232
Q

what was the first fully bipedal, large-brained hominid

A

Homo ergaster

233
Q

when did Homo ergaster exist?

A

between 1.9 million and 1.5 million years ago

234
Q

what did homo ergaster show a significant decrease in?

A

sexual dimorphism (a size difference between sexes) compared with its ancestors

235
Q

what was homo ergaster fossils previously assigned to but most paleoanthropologists now recognize them as separate species?

A

homo erectus

236
Q

where did homo erectus originate 1.8 million years ago?

A

Africa

237
Q

what was the first hominin to leave Africa?

A

Homo Erectus

238
Q

where did neanderthals live and when?

A

in Europe and near east, from 350,000-28,000 years ago

239
Q

characteristics of neanderthals (3) (TBM)

A

1) thick-boned with a larger brain
2) buried their dead
3) made hunting tools

240
Q

what did recent genetic analysis indicate that occured between neandherthals and homo sapiens?

A

gene flow

241
Q

when did homo sapiens appear and where?

A

in Africa by 195,000 year ago

242
Q

what are all living humans descended from?

A

these African ancestors

243
Q

where do the oldest fossils of homo sapiens originate and date back to?

A

the Middle East, 115,000 years ago

244
Q

when and where did humans first arrive?

A

in the New World sometimes before 15,000 years ago

245
Q

what new fossil was found in 2004 of an 18,000 year old fossil in Indonesia ?

A

Homo floresiensis

246
Q

what were homo sapiens first groups to show evidence of?

A

symbolic and sophisticated thought

247
Q

what was found in 2002 in South Africa?

A

a 77,000 year old artistic carving

Biology 201 (18 decks)

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