Lecture Exam #3 Flashcards
1
Q
what are key adaptions for life on land?
A
seeds and pollen
2
Q
what is common to all seed plants? (4) (RHOP)
A
1) reduced gametophytes
2) heterospory
3) ovules
4) pollen
3
Q
the rule among seed plants
A
heterospory
4
Q
what were the ancestors of seed plants likely?
A
homosporous
5
Q
what were seed plants likely?
A
heterosporous
6
Q
produces megaspores
A
megasporangia
7
Q
what do megasporangia give rise to?
A
female gametophytes
8
Q
produces microspores
A
microsporangia
9
Q
what does microsporangia give rise to?
A
male gametophytes
10
Q
what changed the course of plant evolution?
A
seeds
11
Q
how did plants change the course of plant evolution?
A
by enabling their bearers to become dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems
12
Q
when did seed plants originate?
A
360 million years ago
13
Q
what does a seed consist of?
A
an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
14
Q
how does seeds disperse?
A
over long distances by wind or other means
15
Q
what are the advantages of reduced gametophytes?
A
the gametophytes of seed plants develop within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte
16
Q
what does an ovule consist of?
A
1) a megaporangium
2) a megaspore
3) one or more protective integuements
17
Q
how many integuments do angiosperm megaporangia usually have?
A
2
18
Q
what do micropsores develop into and what do they contain?
A
pollen grains and they contain the male gametophytes
19
Q
the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
A
pollination
20
Q
what does pollen elimante the need for and how can it be dispersed?
A
film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals
21
Q
what happens if a pollen grain germinates?
A
it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into female gametophyte within the ovule
22
Q
“naked seeds”
A
gymnosperms
23
Q
what are gymnosperms exposed to?
A
sporphylls that form cones
24
Q
where are angiosperm seeds found and what are they?
A
they are found in fruits which are matured ovules
25
what most gymnosperms and cone-bearing plants are called
confiers
26
what type of tree is the pine tree and what does it produce?
the sporophyte and produced sporangia in male and female cones
27
what do small cones produce and what do they contain?
microspores called pollen which contain a male gametophyte
28
what do the familiar larger cones contain and what do they produce?
they contain ovules and produce megaspores that develop into female gametophytes
29
how long does it take from cone production to mature seed?
nearly 3 years
30
evolutionary advantages of seeds (2) (SS)
1) a seed develops from the whole ovule
| 2) a seed is a sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat
31
advantages of seeds over spores
1) they may retain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination
2) seeds have a supply of stored food
3) they may be transported long distances by wind or animals
32
3 key features of the gymnosperm (life of a pine) life cycle (3) (MDT)
1) minaturization of their gamteophytes
2) development of seeds from fertizlied ovules
3) the transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen
33
what does fossil evidence reveal about seed plants and the rise of gymnosperms
by the late deovonian period, some plants had begun to acquire some features that are also present in seed plants
34
what is an example of fossil evidence of the rise of gymnosperms?
archaeopteris was a hetersporous tree with a woody stem, but it did not bear all seeds
35
what did gymnosperms serve as for herbivourous dinousaurs?
food
36
what did recent fossil discoverie show about gymnosperms?
that they were pollinated by insects over 100 millions
37
when did angiosperms begin to replace gymnosperms?
near the end of the Mesozoic
38
4 phyla of gymnosperms (4) (CGGC)
1) cyadophyta (cyads)
2) ginkophyta
3) gnetophyta
4) confirerophya (pine, fir and redwood)
39
in the phylum cyadophyta what do inviduals have?
large cones and palmlike leaves
40
unlike most seed plants what does cyads have?
flagellated sperm
41
when did cyads thrive?
during the Mesozoic but most of the few surviving species are endangered
42
2 clades of living seed plants
1) gymnosperms
| 2) angiosperms
43
when did gymnosperms appear early in the fossil record?
about 305 million years ago and dominated Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems
44
what were better suited than nonvascular plants to drier conditions?
gymnosperms
45
what now dominates more terrsetrial ecosystems?
angiosperms
46
despite angiosperms dominating more terrestrial ecosystems now what still dominates in some regions including northern latitutudes?
conifers
47
example of the phylum cyadophyta
cycas revoluta
48
what does the phylum ginkophyta consist of?
a single living species, Ginko biloba
49
what does the phylum ginkophyta have like cyads?
flagellated sperm
50
what does the phylum ginkophyta have a high tolerance for?
air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree
51
what is the largest of the gymnosperm phyla?
phylum confierophyta
52
what are most confiers and what can they do?
evergreens and they can carry out photosynthesis year round
53
what do the reproductive adaptions of angiosperms include?
flowers and fruit
54
what are the most widespread and diverse plants?
angiosperms
55
3 genera of phylum gnetophyta (GEW)
1) gnetum
2) ephedra
3) welwitschia
56
what do species of the phylum gnetophyta vary in and what are some of them?
appearance, and some are tropical whereas others live in deserts
57
what are all angiosperms classified in?
a single phylum, Anthophyta (from the Greek anthos for flower)
58
an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction
flower
59
what were many flowers pollinated by?
insects or animals, while some of wind-pollinated
60
four types of modified leaves called floral organs (SPSC)
1) sepals
2) petals
3) stamens
4) carpels
61
consists of a stalk called a filament with a sac called an anther
stamen
62
consists of an ovary at the base and a style leading up to the stigmas
carpel
63
flowers that have all four organs
complete flowers
64
flowers lacking one or more organs
incomplete flowers
65
what type of symmetry may flowers have?
radial or bilateral
66
a flower where any imaginary line through the central axis divides the flower into two equal parts
radial symmetry
67
a flower that can be divided into two equal parts by a single imaginary line
bilateral symmetry
68
do most species have flowers with both functional stamen and carpels?
yes but some species occur on separate flowers
69
where may stamens be on a plant?
they may be on the same plants as those with carpels or they may occur on different plants
70
formed when the ovary wall thickens in a plant
fruits
71
what do fruits do for a plant?
protect seeds and aid in their dispersal
72
what can mature fruits be?
fleshy (orange,strawberry) or dry (nuts)
73
what do various fruit adaptions help with?
dispersal of seeds
74
ways seeds can be carried (3) (WWA)
1) wind
2) water
3) animals to new locations
75
what is the flower of the sporophyte composed of?
both male and female structures
76
where are male gametophytes contained within and what are they produced by?
pollen grains and produced by microsprangia of anthers
77
where does the female gametophyte or embryo sac develop within and where is it contained?
an ovule and is contained within an ovary at the base of the stigma
78
what do most flowers have mechanisms to ensure?
cross-pollination between flowers from different plants of the same species
79
during the lifecycle of an angiosperm, once the pollen grain has landed on a stigma what happens?
it germinates and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down to the ovary
80
where is the ovule entered by?
a spore called the micropyle
81
occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyyte within an ovule
double fertilization
82
during double fertization while one sperm fertizlies the egg what does the other one do?
combine with two nuclei in the central of the female gametophyte and initiate the development of food-storing endosperm
83
what does the triploid endosperm nourish?
the developing embryo
84
within a seed, it's what the embryo consists of a root and a two seed leaves (becomes leaves)
cotyledons
85
what did Darwin call the origin of angiosperms?
"abominable mystery"
86
what is progress of angiosperms being made through?
fossils and phylogenic analysis
87
have the mystery of the sudden appearanceo f angiosperms been resolved?
no
88
when did the ancestors of angiosperms and gymnosperms diverge?
about 305 million years ago
89
what may angiosperms be closely related to?
bennetitales (extinct seed plants with flowerlike structures)
90
what likley descended from two of the most ancient angiosperm lineages?
amborlla and water lilliess
91
what affects the movement of pollinators and reduces gene flow in diverging population?
bilateral symmetry
92
what may plant with bilateral symmetry have increased rates of?
speciation
93
how can the hypothesis be tested of plants with bilateral symmetry having increased rates of speciation?
by comparing number of species in closely related "bilateral" and "radial" clades
94
based on the features of ancestral and basal taxa including Amborella,what were early angiosperms likely?
small-flowered shrubs with simple water-conducting cells
95
what influences evolution?
animals influence the evolution of plants and vice versa
96
what is an example of animals influencing plant evolution?
animal herbivory selects for plants defenses
97
what is an example of plants and animals influencing evolution?
interactions between pollinators and flowering plants select for mutually beneficial adaptions
98
how many species do angiosperms comprise?
more than 250,000 living species
99
what 2 groups were angiosperms previously divided into?(MD)
1) monocots (one cotyledon)
| 2) dicots (two dicots)
100
what does DNA suggest about angiosperms's diversity?
that dicots are paraphyletic
101
what does the clade eudicot ("true dicots") include?
most dicots
102
what do basal angiosperms include and what do they belong to?
flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages
103
what do magnolilds share traits with?
basal angiosperms but evolved later
104
what consititutes basal angiosperms?
3 small lineages
105
what do the 3 small lineages that constitutes basal angiosperms include? (4) (ATWS)
1) Amborella
2) trichopoda
3) water lilies
4) star anise
106
what do magnolids include? (3) (MLB)
1) magnolias
2) laurels
3) black pepper plants
107
what are magnolids more closely related to than basal angiosperms?
monocots and eudictos
108
how many angiosperm species are monocots?
more than one-quarter
109
what are the largest groups of monocots (3) (OGP)
1) orchids
2) grasses
3) palms
110
how many angiosperm species are eudictos?
more than two-thirds
111
what do eudicots include? (2) (LE)
1) large legume family
| 2) economically important rose family
112
what does human welfare depend on?
seed plants
113
what are seed plants the key sources of? (4) (FFWM)
1) food
2) fuel
3) wood products
4) medicine
114
what makes the preservation plant diversity very critical?
one reliance on seed plants
115
what does most of our food come from?
angiosperms
116
what are 6 crops that yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans (WRMPCS)
1) wheat
2) rice
3) maize
4) potatoes
5) cassava
6) sweet potatoes
117
what are modern crops the product of?
relatively recent genetic change
118
what are relatively recent genetic change resulting from?
artificial selection
119
what do many seed plants provide?
wood
120
what type of seed plants are used in meidcines?
secondary compounds of seed plants
121
what is something that causes extinction to many plants species and is a threat to plant diversity?
destruction of habitat
122
how many plants are cleared each year in the tropics?
55,000km2
123
at the rate of clearing of plants in the tropics what will happen to the remaining tropical forests?
it will be eliminated in 200 years
124
what does loss of forests do?
reduces the absorption of atmospheric CO2
125
when does reducing the absorption of atmospheric CO2 occur?
during photosynthesis
126
what is loss of plant habitat usually accompanied by?
loss of animal species that plants support
127
at the current rate of habitat loss how much of Earth's species will become extinct in the next 100-200 years?
50%
128
what may tropical rain forest contain?
undiscovered medicinal c ompounds
129
what type of gametophyte sporophyte relationship do mosses and other non vascular plants have?
dominant gametophyte and the sporophyte is reduced and dependent on gametophyte for nutrition.
130
wha type of gametophyte sporophyte relationship do ferns and other seedless vascular plants have?
reduced independent (photosynethetic and free-living) gametophyte and dominant sporophyte
131
what type of gametophyte sporophyte relationshp do seed plants have (angiosperms and gymnosperms)?
reduced (usually microscopic) dependent on surrounding sporophyte for nutrition gametophyte and dominant sporophyte
132
a structure that develops within the ovary of a seed of a plant and contains the female gametophyte
ovule
133
in flowers, the portion of the carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop.
ovary
134
layer of sporphyte tissue that contributes to the structure ovule of a seed plant
integument
135
characteristics of angiosperms that show their reproductive adaptions (2) (TT)
1) they are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
2) they are the most widespread and diverse of all the plants
136
what is the function of the stamen?
produces pollen
137
what is the function of the carpel?
receives pollen
138
a modified leaf of a flowering plant. often colorful parts of a flower.
petal
139
what is the function of petals?
to attract insects and other pollinators
140
part of a carpel (4) (SOOS)
1) style
2) ovary
3) ovule
4) stigma
141
what is the function of the modified leaf of angiosperms, sepals?
it encloses and protects the flower bud before it opens
142
a tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule
seed coat
143
what is the function of the seed coat?
in flowering plant, it encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm
144
in an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis below the point of attachement of the cotyledon and above the radicle
hepocotyl
145
an embryonic root of a plant
radicle
146
in an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis above the point of attachement of the cotyledons and below the first pair of miniature leaves
epicotyl
147
in angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the untion of a sperm with 2 polar nuclei during double fertilization.
endosperm
148
what is the function of the endosperm?
it provides nourishment to the devleoping embryo in angiosperm seeds
149
a seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo. some species have one and others have 2
cotyledon
150
a fruit derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels
simple fruit
151
a fruit derived from a single flower that has more than one carpel
aggregate fruit
152
a fruit derived from an entire inflorescence
multiple fruit
153
a fruit, or assemblage of fruits, in which the fleshy parts are derived largely or entirely from tissues other than the ovary
accessory fruit
154
how is the plant cycle modified in angiosperms?
the sporophyte is the dominant generation. the gamertophytes are the most reduced of all plants in angiosperms
155
3 traits of angiosperm life cycle (3) (FFF)
1) flowers
2) fertlization
3) fruits
156
what is the fate of the ovule after fertilization?
it develops into a seed
157
what is the fate of the ovary after fertilization?
it develops into a fruit
158
what is the fat of the endosperm after fertilization?
it become solid
159
advatages of reproducing sexually (3) (MCA)
1) more genetic variation
2) children different than parents
3) able to produce more offspring because of mate
160
disadvantages of reproducing sexually (3) (SLT)
1) slower reproduction rate
2) less realizable reproduction
3) takes time and energy to find mate
161
advantages of reproducing asexually (3) (CDC)
1) can reproduce twice as many
2) does not require fertilization
3 can quickly colonize
162
disadvantages of reproducing asexually (2) (RV)
1) reproduction based on amount of food
| 2) very little variation which may cause extinction
163
what do we mean by plant diversity is a non-renewable resource?
because extinction is irreversible. it decreases the total diversity of plants many which could have had important benefits to humans
164
what is the function of the hepocotyl?
it pushes the cotyledons above the ground to develop.
165
what is the function of the radicle?
it allows the seed to suck up water and send out its leaves so it can start photosynthesizing
166
what is the function of the epicotyl?
it gives rise to the stem and leaves
167
what is the function of the cotyledon?
it provides nutrients/food for the germinating plant to survive in the seed. forms the first green leaves
