Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 201 > Lecture Exam #3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are key adaptions for life on land?

A

seeds and pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is common to all seed plants? (4) (RHOP)

A

1) reduced gametophytes
2) heterospory
3) ovules
4) pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the rule among seed plants

A

heterospory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what were the ancestors of seed plants likely?

A

homosporous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what were seed plants likely?

A

heterosporous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

produces megaspores

A

megasporangia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do megasporangia give rise to?

A

female gametophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

produces microspores

A

microsporangia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does microsporangia give rise to?

A

male gametophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what changed the course of plant evolution?

A

seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how did plants change the course of plant evolution?

A

by enabling their bearers to become dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when did seed plants originate?

A

360 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does a seed consist of?

A

an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does seeds disperse?

A

over long distances by wind or other means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the advantages of reduced gametophytes?

A

the gametophytes of seed plants develop within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does an ovule consist of?

A

1) a megaporangium
2) a megaspore
3) one or more protective integuements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how many integuments do angiosperm megaporangia usually have?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do micropsores develop into and what do they contain?

A

pollen grains and they contain the male gametophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

A

pollination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does pollen elimante the need for and how can it be dispersed?

A

film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens if a pollen grain germinates?

A

it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into female gametophyte within the ovule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

“naked seeds”

A

gymnosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are gymnosperms exposed to?

A

sporphylls that form cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where are angiosperm seeds found and what are they?

A

they are found in fruits which are matured ovules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what most gymnosperms and cone-bearing plants are called

A

confiers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what type of tree is the pine tree and what does it produce?

A

the sporophyte and produced sporangia in male and female cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what do small cones produce and what do they contain?

A

microspores called pollen which contain a male gametophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what do the familiar larger cones contain and what do they produce?

A

they contain ovules and produce megaspores that develop into female gametophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how long does it take from cone production to mature seed?

A

nearly 3 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

evolutionary advantages of seeds (2) (SS)

A

1) a seed develops from the whole ovule

2) a seed is a sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

advantages of seeds over spores

A

1) they may retain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination
2) seeds have a supply of stored food
3) they may be transported long distances by wind or animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

3 key features of the gymnosperm (life of a pine) life cycle (3) (MDT)

A

1) minaturization of their gamteophytes
2) development of seeds from fertizlied ovules
3) the transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what does fossil evidence reveal about seed plants and the rise of gymnosperms

A

by the late deovonian period, some plants had begun to acquire some features that are also present in seed plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is an example of fossil evidence of the rise of gymnosperms?

A

archaeopteris was a hetersporous tree with a woody stem, but it did not bear all seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what did gymnosperms serve as for herbivourous dinousaurs?

A

food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what did recent fossil discoverie show about gymnosperms?

A

that they were pollinated by insects over 100 millions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

when did angiosperms begin to replace gymnosperms?

A

near the end of the Mesozoic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

4 phyla of gymnosperms (4) (CGGC)

A

1) cyadophyta (cyads)
2) ginkophyta
3) gnetophyta
4) confirerophya (pine, fir and redwood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

in the phylum cyadophyta what do inviduals have?

A

large cones and palmlike leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

unlike most seed plants what does cyads have?

A

flagellated sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

when did cyads thrive?

A

during the Mesozoic but most of the few surviving species are endangered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

2 clades of living seed plants

A

1) gymnosperms

2) angiosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

when did gymnosperms appear early in the fossil record?

A

about 305 million years ago and dominated Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what were better suited than nonvascular plants to drier conditions?

A

gymnosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what now dominates more terrsetrial ecosystems?

A

angiosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

despite angiosperms dominating more terrestrial ecosystems now what still dominates in some regions including northern latitutudes?

A

conifers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

example of the phylum cyadophyta

A

cycas revoluta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what does the phylum ginkophyta consist of?

A

a single living species, Ginko biloba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what does the phylum ginkophyta have like cyads?

A

flagellated sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what does the phylum ginkophyta have a high tolerance for?

A

air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is the largest of the gymnosperm phyla?

A

phylum confierophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are most confiers and what can they do?

A

evergreens and they can carry out photosynthesis year round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what do the reproductive adaptions of angiosperms include?

A

flowers and fruit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what are the most widespread and diverse plants?

A

angiosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

3 genera of phylum gnetophyta (GEW)

A

1) gnetum
2) ephedra
3) welwitschia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what do species of the phylum gnetophyta vary in and what are some of them?

A

appearance, and some are tropical whereas others live in deserts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what are all angiosperms classified in?

A

a single phylum, Anthophyta (from the Greek anthos for flower)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

A

flower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what were many flowers pollinated by?

A

insects or animals, while some of wind-pollinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

four types of modified leaves called floral organs (SPSC)

A

1) sepals
2) petals
3) stamens
4) carpels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

consists of a stalk called a filament with a sac called an anther

A

stamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

consists of an ovary at the base and a style leading up to the stigmas

A

carpel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

flowers that have all four organs

A

complete flowers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

flowers lacking one or more organs

A

incomplete flowers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what type of symmetry may flowers have?

A

radial or bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

a flower where any imaginary line through the central axis divides the flower into two equal parts

A

radial symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

a flower that can be divided into two equal parts by a single imaginary line

A

bilateral symmetry

68
Q

do most species have flowers with both functional stamen and carpels?

A

yes but some species occur on separate flowers

69
Q

where may stamens be on a plant?

A

they may be on the same plants as those with carpels or they may occur on different plants

70
Q

formed when the ovary wall thickens in a plant

A

fruits

71
Q

what do fruits do for a plant?

A

protect seeds and aid in their dispersal

72
Q

what can mature fruits be?

A

fleshy (orange,strawberry) or dry (nuts)

73
Q

what do various fruit adaptions help with?

A

dispersal of seeds

74
Q

ways seeds can be carried (3) (WWA)

A

1) wind
2) water
3) animals to new locations

75
Q

what is the flower of the sporophyte composed of?

A

both male and female structures

76
Q

where are male gametophytes contained within and what are they produced by?

A

pollen grains and produced by microsprangia of anthers

77
Q

where does the female gametophyte or embryo sac develop within and where is it contained?

A

an ovule and is contained within an ovary at the base of the stigma

78
Q

what do most flowers have mechanisms to ensure?

A

cross-pollination between flowers from different plants of the same species

79
Q

during the lifecycle of an angiosperm, once the pollen grain has landed on a stigma what happens?

A

it germinates and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down to the ovary

80
Q

where is the ovule entered by?

A

a spore called the micropyle

81
Q

occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyyte within an ovule

A

double fertilization

82
Q

during double fertization while one sperm fertizlies the egg what does the other one do?

A

combine with two nuclei in the central of the female gametophyte and initiate the development of food-storing endosperm

83
Q

what does the triploid endosperm nourish?

A

the developing embryo

84
Q

within a seed, it’s what the embryo consists of a root and a two seed leaves (becomes leaves)

A

cotyledons

85
Q

what did Darwin call the origin of angiosperms?

A

“abominable mystery”

86
Q

what is progress of angiosperms being made through?

A

fossils and phylogenic analysis

87
Q

have the mystery of the sudden appearanceo f angiosperms been resolved?

A

no

88
Q

when did the ancestors of angiosperms and gymnosperms diverge?

A

about 305 million years ago

89
Q

what may angiosperms be closely related to?

A

bennetitales (extinct seed plants with flowerlike structures)

90
Q

what likley descended from two of the most ancient angiosperm lineages?

A

amborlla and water lilliess

91
Q

what affects the movement of pollinators and reduces gene flow in diverging population?

A

bilateral symmetry

92
Q

what may plant with bilateral symmetry have increased rates of?

A

speciation

93
Q

how can the hypothesis be tested of plants with bilateral symmetry having increased rates of speciation?

A

by comparing number of species in closely related “bilateral” and “radial” clades

94
Q

based on the features of ancestral and basal taxa including Amborella,what were early angiosperms likely?

A

small-flowered shrubs with simple water-conducting cells

95
Q

what influences evolution?

A

animals influence the evolution of plants and vice versa

96
Q

what is an example of animals influencing plant evolution?

A

animal herbivory selects for plants defenses

97
Q

what is an example of plants and animals influencing evolution?

A

interactions between pollinators and flowering plants select for mutually beneficial adaptions

98
Q

how many species do angiosperms comprise?

A

more than 250,000 living species

99
Q

what 2 groups were angiosperms previously divided into?(MD)

A

1) monocots (one cotyledon)

2) dicots (two dicots)

100
Q

what does DNA suggest about angiosperms’s diversity?

A

that dicots are paraphyletic

101
Q

what does the clade eudicot (“true dicots”) include?

A

most dicots

102
Q

what do basal angiosperms include and what do they belong to?

A

flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages

103
Q

what do magnolilds share traits with?

A

basal angiosperms but evolved later

104
Q

what consititutes basal angiosperms?

A

3 small lineages

105
Q

what do the 3 small lineages that constitutes basal angiosperms include? (4) (ATWS)

A

1) Amborella
2) trichopoda
3) water lilies
4) star anise

106
Q

what do magnolids include? (3) (MLB)

A

1) magnolias
2) laurels
3) black pepper plants

107
Q

what are magnolids more closely related to than basal angiosperms?

A

monocots and eudictos

108
Q

how many angiosperm species are monocots?

A

more than one-quarter

109
Q

what are the largest groups of monocots (3) (OGP)

A

1) orchids
2) grasses
3) palms

110
Q

how many angiosperm species are eudictos?

A

more than two-thirds

111
Q

what do eudicots include? (2) (LE)

A

1) large legume family

2) economically important rose family

112
Q

what does human welfare depend on?

A

seed plants

113
Q

what are seed plants the key sources of? (4) (FFWM)

A

1) food
2) fuel
3) wood products
4) medicine

114
Q

what makes the preservation plant diversity very critical?

A

one reliance on seed plants

115
Q

what does most of our food come from?

A

angiosperms

116
Q

what are 6 crops that yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans (WRMPCS)

A

1) wheat
2) rice
3) maize
4) potatoes
5) cassava
6) sweet potatoes

117
Q

what are modern crops the product of?

A

relatively recent genetic change

118
Q

what are relatively recent genetic change resulting from?

A

artificial selection

119
Q

what do many seed plants provide?

A

wood

120
Q

what type of seed plants are used in meidcines?

A

secondary compounds of seed plants

121
Q

what is something that causes extinction to many plants species and is a threat to plant diversity?

A

destruction of habitat

122
Q

how many plants are cleared each year in the tropics?

A

55,000km2

123
Q

at the rate of clearing of plants in the tropics what will happen to the remaining tropical forests?

A

it will be eliminated in 200 years

124
Q

what does loss of forests do?

A

reduces the absorption of atmospheric CO2

125
Q

when does reducing the absorption of atmospheric CO2 occur?

A

during photosynthesis

126
Q

what is loss of plant habitat usually accompanied by?

A

loss of animal species that plants support

127
Q

at the current rate of habitat loss how much of Earth’s species will become extinct in the next 100-200 years?

A

50%

128
Q

what may tropical rain forest contain?

A

undiscovered medicinal c ompounds

129
Q

what type of gametophyte sporophyte relationship do mosses and other non vascular plants have?

A

dominant gametophyte and the sporophyte is reduced and dependent on gametophyte for nutrition.

130
Q

wha type of gametophyte sporophyte relationship do ferns and other seedless vascular plants have?

A

reduced independent (photosynethetic and free-living) gametophyte and dominant sporophyte

131
Q

what type of gametophyte sporophyte relationshp do seed plants have (angiosperms and gymnosperms)?

A

reduced (usually microscopic) dependent on surrounding sporophyte for nutrition gametophyte and dominant sporophyte

132
Q

a structure that develops within the ovary of a seed of a plant and contains the female gametophyte

A

ovule

133
Q

in flowers, the portion of the carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop.

A

ovary

134
Q

layer of sporphyte tissue that contributes to the structure ovule of a seed plant

A

integument

135
Q

characteristics of angiosperms that show their reproductive adaptions (2) (TT)

A

1) they are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
2) they are the most widespread and diverse of all the plants

136
Q

what is the function of the stamen?

A

produces pollen

137
Q

what is the function of the carpel?

A

receives pollen

138
Q

a modified leaf of a flowering plant. often colorful parts of a flower.

A

petal

139
Q

what is the function of petals?

A

to attract insects and other pollinators

140
Q

part of a carpel (4) (SOOS)

A

1) style
2) ovary
3) ovule
4) stigma

141
Q

what is the function of the modified leaf of angiosperms, sepals?

A

it encloses and protects the flower bud before it opens

142
Q

a tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule

A

seed coat

143
Q

what is the function of the seed coat?

A

in flowering plant, it encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm

144
Q

in an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis below the point of attachement of the cotyledon and above the radicle

A

hepocotyl

145
Q

an embryonic root of a plant

A

radicle

146
Q

in an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis above the point of attachement of the cotyledons and below the first pair of miniature leaves

A

epicotyl

147
Q

in angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the untion of a sperm with 2 polar nuclei during double fertilization.

A

endosperm

148
Q

what is the function of the endosperm?

A

it provides nourishment to the devleoping embryo in angiosperm seeds

149
Q

a seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo. some species have one and others have 2

A

cotyledon

150
Q

a fruit derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels

A

simple fruit

151
Q

a fruit derived from a single flower that has more than one carpel

A

aggregate fruit

152
Q

a fruit derived from an entire inflorescence

A

multiple fruit

153
Q

a fruit, or assemblage of fruits, in which the fleshy parts are derived largely or entirely from tissues other than the ovary

A

accessory fruit

154
Q

how is the plant cycle modified in angiosperms?

A

the sporophyte is the dominant generation. the gamertophytes are the most reduced of all plants in angiosperms

155
Q

3 traits of angiosperm life cycle (3) (FFF)

A

1) flowers
2) fertlization
3) fruits

156
Q

what is the fate of the ovule after fertilization?

A

it develops into a seed

157
Q

what is the fate of the ovary after fertilization?

A

it develops into a fruit

158
Q

what is the fat of the endosperm after fertilization?

A

it become solid

159
Q

advatages of reproducing sexually (3) (MCA)

A

1) more genetic variation
2) children different than parents
3) able to produce more offspring because of mate

160
Q

disadvantages of reproducing sexually (3) (SLT)

A

1) slower reproduction rate
2) less realizable reproduction
3) takes time and energy to find mate

161
Q

advantages of reproducing asexually (3) (CDC)

A

1) can reproduce twice as many
2) does not require fertilization
3 can quickly colonize

162
Q

disadvantages of reproducing asexually (2) (RV)

A

1) reproduction based on amount of food

2) very little variation which may cause extinction

163
Q

what do we mean by plant diversity is a non-renewable resource?

A

because extinction is irreversible. it decreases the total diversity of plants many which could have had important benefits to humans

164
Q

what is the function of the hepocotyl?

A

it pushes the cotyledons above the ground to develop.

165
Q

what is the function of the radicle?

A

it allows the seed to suck up water and send out its leaves so it can start photosynthesizing

166
Q

what is the function of the epicotyl?

A

it gives rise to the stem and leaves

167
Q

what is the function of the cotyledon?

A

it provides nutrients/food for the germinating plant to survive in the seed. forms the first green leaves

Biology 201 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions