Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 201 > LAB Midterm Part 2 > Flashcards

LAB Midterm Part 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

supplies O2 for cellular respiration and disposes CO2 to a region by simple diffusion

A

gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases.

A

partial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are partial pressures also applied to gasses dissolved in?

A

liquids such as water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do gases undergo from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure?

A

net diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

characteristics of partial pressure at sea level

A

1) 760 mmHg
2) 78% nitrogen
3) 21 % oxygen
4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the formula for figuring out oxygen in partial pressure?

A

21% X 760mmHg= 160 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what animals use air or water as the O2 source for

A

respiratory medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

in a given volume what is there less of available in water than air?

A

O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does obtaining O2 from water require?

A

greater efficiency than air breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of surface do animals require and for what?

A

large, moist respiratory surface for exchange of gases between their cells and the respiratory medium, either air or water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does gas exchange across respiratory surfaces take place by?

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

do respirartory surfaces vary by animal and what can they include?

A

yes, skin, gills, trachae and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

outfolding of the body that create a large surface area for gas exchange in aquatic animals

A

gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface in aquatic animals

A

ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do aquatic animals move?

A

through water or move water over their gills for ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

used by fish gills where blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills; blood is always less saturated with o2 than the water it meets

A

countercurrent exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in fish gills, how much of the O2 dissolved in water is removed as water passes over the respiratory surface?

A

more than 80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

characteristics of ventillation in fish (2) (SO)

A

1) some swim continously

2) other fill buccal cavity while opercula is closed, then close mouth and open opercula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

system found in insects that consists of a network of branching tubes throughout the body

A

tracheal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do the tracheal tubes supply?

A

O2 directly to body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

are the respiratory and circulatory system separate in insects?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

infolding of the body surface

A

lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the circulatory system transport gases between whether open or closed?

A

the lungs and the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what do the size and complexity of lungs correlate with?

A

an animal’s metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in mammals what type of system do they have?

A

branching ducts conveying air to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what happens to air in mammals?

A

its inhaled through the nostrils and filtered, warmed, humidified and sampled for odors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

directs air to the lungs and food to the stomach

A

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

steps of swallowing (2) (MT)

A

1) moves the larynx upward

2) tips the epiglottis over the glottis in the pharynx to prevent food from entering the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where does air pass through?

A

the pharynx, the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to the aveoli where gas exchange occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where does exhaled air pass over?

A

the vocal cords in the larynx to create sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what lines the epithelium of the air ducts and moves particles up to the pharynx?

A

cilia and mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

cleans respiratory system and allows particles to be swallowed in the esophagus

A

“mucus escalator”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where does gas exchange take place?

A

the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

air sacs at the tips of the bronchioles

A

alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does oxygen do?

A

diffuses through the moist film of the epithelium and into capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does carbon dioxide do?

A

diffuses from the capillaries across the epitherlium and into the air space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what do alveoli lack making them susceptible to contamination?

A

cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

in surface tension what is water?

A

polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

in surface tension what is the attraction between molecules on the surface?

A

higher than interior molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the process that ventilates the lungs, the alternate inhalation and exhalation of air

A

breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

air is forced into lungs because pressure outside lungs is greater

A

positive pressure breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

air is drawn into lungs because pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure

A

negative pressure breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what type of breathing does an amphibian such as a frog ventilate its lungs by and how?

A

positive pressure breathing, which forces air down the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how many air sacs do birds have that function as bellows that keep air flowing through the lungs helping them breath?

A

8 or 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

how does air travel in birds?

A

through the lungs in one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what does the passage of air through the entire system of lungs and air sacs in birds require?

A

2 cycles of inhalation and exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is ventilation in birds?

A

highly efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

how do mammals ventilate their lungs and how?

A

by negative pressure breathing which pulls air into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

when does lung volume increase in mammals?

A

as the rib muscles and diaphragm contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the volume of air inhaled with each breath

A

tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

maximum tidal volume

A

vital capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

after exhalation, the air that remains in the lungs

A

a residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

measures speed of exhalation and inhalation

A

spirometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is the average tidal volume, vital capacity and residual volume?

A

tidal: 500mL, vital: 3-5 L and Residual: can’t be measure by spirometry (1200 mg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

in humans, what is breathing usually regulated by?

A

involuntary mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

where are the breathing control center found in humans?

A

the medulla oblongata of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

regulates the rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in the cerebrospinal fluid

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what do sensors in the aorta and cartoid arteries monitor?

A

concentrations in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what do the sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries signal?

A

the breathing control centers, which respond as needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

where does additional modulation of breathing take place?

A

the pons, next to the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what do the metabolic demands of many organisms require?

A

that the blood transport large quantities of O2 and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what does blood arriving in the lungs have?

A

a low partial pressure of O2 and a high partial pressure of CO2 relative to air in the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

in the alveoli, what does O2 and CO2 do?

A

diffuse into the blood and CO2 diffuses into the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

in tissue capillaries, what does partial pressure gradients favor?

A

diffusion of O2 into the interstital fluid and CO2 into the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

proteins that transport oxygen and greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry (hemoglobin)

A

respiratory pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what do anthropods and molluscs have

A

hemocyanin with copper as the oxygen-binding component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what do most vertibrates and some invertebrates use?

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

in veterbrates, what is hemoglobin contained within?

A

erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what color is blood in mollusks and arthropods when oxygenated?

A

bright blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

characteristics of hemoglobin in oxygen transport (6) (FEEEFB)

A

1) four globin subunits
2) each subunit has a heme group
3) each heme has an iron atom
4) each subunit can bind one oxygen molecule
5) four in total per hemoglobin
6) binds oxygen in a cooperative fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

how does hemoglobin bind oxygen in a cooperative fashion?

A

affinity increases with each bound oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what does the hemoglobin dissociation curve show?

A

that a small change can result in a large change in delivery of O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

A

bohr shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what plays a minor role in transport of CO2 and asists in buffering of blood?

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

when the first oxygen molecule binds to hemoglobin, the structure of protein changes so that the next molecule of oxygen can find easier

A

cooperative binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what happens during carbon dioxide transport?

A

some CO2 from respiring cells diffuses into the blood and is transported in blood, bound to hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what does the remainder of CO2 diffuse into and what does it dissociate?

A

erythrocytes and racts with water to form H2CO3 which disassociates H+ and bicarbonate ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

in the lungs what does the relative partial pressures of CO2 favor?

A

the net diffusion of CO2 out of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

characteristics of Carbon minoxide

A

1) CO does bind to the heme group (not heme molecule)

2) finds at 200 times the strength of O2 which is how CO2 poisoning occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

characteristics of crocodile icefish (4) (NOLC)

A

1) no hemoglobin
2) oxygen dissolves in blood plasma
3) low metabolic rate
4) cold waters have more oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what do diving mammals have that allow them to perform extraordinary feats?

A

evolutionary adapatations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

examples of evolutionary adaptations of mammals?

A

1) weddell seals in Antarctica can remain under water for 20min to an hour
2) elephant seals can dive to 1500 m and remain underwater for 2 hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what do animals with evolutionary adaptations have?

A

a high blood to body volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what do deep-diving air breathers do?

A

stockpile O2 and deplete it slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

diving mamals store oxygen in their muscles

A

myoglobin proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what can diving mammals also do with oxygen?

A

conserve O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

how does diving mammals conserve O2? (3) (CDD)

A

1) by changing their buoyancy to glide passively
2) by decreasing blood supply to muscles
3) by deriving ATP in muscles from fermentation once O2 is depleted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what do physiological systems of animals operate in?

A

a fluid environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what must relative concentrations of water and solution be maintained within?

A

narrow limits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

controls solute concentrations and balances water gain and loss

A

osmoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what type of environments do desert and marine animals face?

A

desicating environments that can quickly deplete water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

how do freshwater animals survive?

A

by conserving solutes and absorbing salts from their surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

rids the body of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products

A

excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

what is osmoregulation based largely on?

A

balancing the uptake and loss of water and solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

what is the driving force for movement of solutes and water?

A

a concentration gradient of one or more solutes across the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

the way water enters and leaves cells

A

osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

the solute concentration of a solutions determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane (doesn’t let all fluids through)

A

osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

when in two solutions, water molecules will cross the membrane at equal rates in both directions

A

isoosmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

the net flow of water if two solutions differ in osmoloraity

A

hyposoosmotic (less concentrated)

100
Q

if two solutions differ in somolarity with higher concentraion

A

hypersmotic solution

101
Q

consisting of some marine animals, are isoosomotic with their surrounding and do NOT regulate their osmolarity

A

osmoconformers

102
Q

expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hypersmotic or hypoosmotic environment

A

osmoregulators

103
Q

types of animals with osmoregulatory challenges and mechanisms

A

1) osmoconformers

2) osmoregulators

104
Q

what are most animals when it comes to osmoregulariatory mechanisms?

A

stenohaline

105
Q

animals that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

A

stenohaline

106
Q

what type of animals can survive large functions in external osmolarity?

A

Euryhaline animals

107
Q

what are most marine invertebrates?

A

osmoconformers

108
Q

what are many marine verterbrates and some marine inverterbrates?

A

osmoregulators

109
Q

what are marine bony fishes to seawater?

A

hypoosmotic

110
Q

how do marine bony fishes balance water loss?

A

by drinking large amounts of sea water and eliminating the ingested salts through their gills and kidneys

111
Q

how do freshwater animals constantly take in water balance?

A

by osmosis from their hypoosmotic environment

112
Q

how do freshwater animals lose salts and maintain water?

A

by diffusion and they maintain water balance by drinking almost no water and excreting large amounts of dilute urine

113
Q

how are salts lost by diffusion in freshwater animals replaced?

A

in foods and by uptake across the gills

114
Q

what type of waters do some aquatic invertebrates live in?

A

temporary ponds

115
Q

what do aquatic vertebrates that live in temporary ponds lose?

A

almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state

116
Q

adaption to temporary ponds and becoming in a dormant state (hybernation)

A

anhydrobiosis

117
Q

what is key to survival on land?

A

adaptions to reduce water loss

118
Q

what do body coverings of most terrestrial animals help?

A

prevent dehydration

119
Q

what do desert animals get major water savings from?

A

simple anatomical features and behaviors such as a nocturnal lifestyle

120
Q

how do land animals maintain water balance?

A

by eating moist food and producing water metabolically through cellular respiration

121
Q

what must osmoregulatrors do to maintain osmotic gradients?

A

expend energy

122
Q

How does the amount of energy expended to maintain osmotic gradients differ based on? (3) (HHW)

A

1) how different the animals osmolarity is from its surroundings (desert vs. rainforest)
2) how easily water solutes move across the animals surface (water diffusing cells vs. drinking)
3) the work required to pump solutes across the membrane

123
Q

what do animals regulate which bathes their cells?

A

the solute content of body fluid

124
Q

epithilial cells specialized for moving solutes in specific directions

A

transport epithelia

125
Q

how are transport epithelia typically arranged?

A

into complex tubular networks

126
Q

what is an example of transport epithelia?

A

nasal glands in marine birds

127
Q

how do nasal glands in marine birds display transport epithelia?

A

they remove excess sodium chloride from the blood

128
Q

what may greatly affect water balance in an animal?

A

the type and quantity of animal’s waste products

129
Q

what is among the most significant wastes in an animal?

A

nitrogeneous breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids

130
Q

what do some animals convert toxic ammonia (NH3) to?

A

less toxic compounds prior to excretion

131
Q

types of nitrogenous waste excreted by animals (3) (AUU)

A

1) ammonia
2) urea
3) uric acid

132
Q

what do the three nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals differ in?

A

toxicity and the energy costs of producing them

133
Q

what do animals that excrete nitrogenous wastes as ammonia need access to and why?

A

lots of water to dilute the toxicity

134
Q

what do animals do when they excrete ammonia?

A

they release it across the whole body surface

135
Q

what do most terrestrial animals and many marine animals excrete that is less toxic than ammonia?

A

urea

136
Q

where is urea produced in vertebrates?

A

in the liver

137
Q

what carries urea to the kidneys where its excreted?

A

the circulatory system

138
Q

is conversion of ammonia to urea energetically expensive?

A

yes

139
Q

what does excretion of urea require less of than ammonia?

A

water

140
Q

what type of nitrogenous wastes do insects, land snails and many reptiles including birds mainly excrete?

A

uric acid

141
Q

is uric acid toxic and what does it not do?

A

it’s relatively nontoxic and does not dissolve readily in water

142
Q

what is uric acid secreted as?

A

a paste with little water loss

143
Q

is uric acid more or less energetically expensive to producce than urea

A

more

144
Q

what type of animals excrete ammonia?

A

most aquatic animals including most bony fishes

145
Q

what type of animals excrete urea?

A

mammals, most amphibians, sharks and some bony fishes

146
Q

what type of animals excrete uric acid?

A

many reptiles (including birds), insects, land snails

147
Q

what do the kinds of nitrogenous wastes excreted depend on?

A

an animal’s evolutionary history and habitat especially water availability

148
Q

what is the amount of nitrogenous waste coupled to?

A

the animal’s energy budget

149
Q

what do excretory systems regulate solute movement between?

A

internal fluids and the external environment

150
Q

what are the excretory systems central to?

A

homeostasis

151
Q

how do most excretory systems produce urine?

A

by refining a filtrate derived from body fluids

152
Q

filtering of body fluids

A

filtration

153
Q

reclaiming valuable solutes

A

resabsorption

154
Q

adding nonessential solutes and wastes to filtrate

A

secretion

155
Q

processed to filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes is released from the body

A

excretion

156
Q

what type of systems vary widely among animal groups?

A

ones that perform basic excretory functions

157
Q

what do systems that perform basic excretory function usually involve?

A

a complex network of tubules

158
Q

a network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings

A

protonephridium

159
Q

what are the smallest branches of a protonephridum capped by?

A

a cellular unit called flame bulb

160
Q

what do protonephridum tubules excrete and function in?

A

a dilute fluid and function in osmoregulation

161
Q

what do each segment of an earthworm have a pair of?

A

open-ended metanephridia

162
Q

consists of tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine for excretion

A

metanephridia

163
Q

what do metanephridia of earthworms function in?

A

excretion and osmoregulation

164
Q

found in insects and other terrestrial arthopods. they remove nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph and function in osmoregulation

A

malppighian tubules

165
Q

what type of waste matter do insects produce and what is it important to?

A

a relatively dry waste matter, mainly uric acid. It is an important adaption to terrestrial life

166
Q

where can some terrestrial insects also take up water?

A

from the air

167
Q

the excretory organs of verterbrates. They function in both excretion and osmoregulation

A

kidneys

168
Q

what are the numerous tubules of the kidneys?

A

highly organized

169
Q

what does a verterbrate excretory system also include?

A

ducts and other structures that carry urine from the tubules out of the kidney and out of the body.

170
Q

what part of the nephron does filtration take place?

A

in the Bowman’s capsule

171
Q

what does the filtration in the Bowman’s capsule contain? (6) (SGAVNO)

A

1) salts
2) glucose
3) amino acids
4) vitamins
5) nitrogenous wastes
6) other small molecules

172
Q

what part of the nephron does reasorption of ions, water and nutrients take place?

A

in the proximal tube

173
Q

how are molecules transported from the filtrate into the intestitial fluid and then capillaries?

A

actively and passively

174
Q

as the filtrate passes through the proximal tubule what happens to material to be excreted?

A

they become concentrated

175
Q

what type of materials are actively secreted into the filtrate?

A

some toxic materials

176
Q

after the proximal tube where does reabsorption of water continue through?

A

channels formed by aquaporin proteins

177
Q

what is movement in the descending limb of the loop of henle driven by?

A

the high osmoloarity of the interstital fluid which is hpersmotic to the filtrate

178
Q

when in the descending what does the filtration become?

A

increasingly concentrated

179
Q

what happens in the ascending limb of the loop of henle?

A

salt but not water is able to diffuse from the tubule into the interstital fluid

180
Q

what does the filtrate become in the asscending limb of the loop of henle?

A

increasingly dilute

181
Q

what is very unique about the asscending limb of the loop of henle?

A

it’s impermiable to water

182
Q

what does the distal tube in the nephron regulate?

A

the K+ and NACI concentrations of body fluid

183
Q

what does the controlled movement of ions (H+ and HCO3) contribute to?

A

pH regulation

184
Q

what does the collecting duct of the nephron carry the filtrate through?

A

the medulla to the renal pelvis

185
Q

what is one of the most important tasks in the collecting duct?

A

reabsportion of solutes and water

186
Q

what is urine to body fluids?

A

hypersmotic

187
Q

what is urine more or less concentrated?

A

more

188
Q

what is the main function of the descending limb?

A

water removal

189
Q

what is the main function of the ascending limb?

A

salt removal

190
Q

what is a key terrestrial adaption in mammals?

A

the mammalian kidney’ s ability to conserve water

191
Q

what is the ony reason hypersmotic urine can be produced?

A

because considerable energy is expended to transport solutes against concentration gradients

192
Q

what are the 2 primary solutes affecting osmolarity?

A

1) NACI

2) urea

193
Q

what happens to the filtrate volume in the proximal tube?

A

it decreases as water and salt are reabsorped but osmolarity remains the same

194
Q

as the filtrate flows to the descending limb of the loop of henle what does solutes become and why?

A

more concentrated because due to water leaving the tubule by osmosis

195
Q

what does NACI diffusing from the ascending limb maintain?

A

a high osmolarity in the inestitial fluid of the renal medulla

196
Q

why is energy expended in a mammal’s kidney?

A

to actively transport NACI from the filtrate in the upper part of the ascending limb

197
Q

involves the loop of henle which maintains a high salt concentration in the kidney

A

countercurrent multiplyer system

198
Q

what does the countercurrent multiplyer system allow the vasa recta to supply the kidney with?

A

nutrients, without interfering with the osmolarity gradient

199
Q

in the collecting ducts what extracts water from the filtrate as it passes from the cortex to the medulla and encounters interstitial fluid of increasing osmolarity?

A

osmosis

200
Q

what is urine produced to the interstital fluiod of the inner medulla?

A

isoosmotic but hpersmotic to bloodand intesterstital fluids elsewhere in the body

201
Q

what is key to water conservation in terrestrial animals

A

the juxtamedullary nephron

202
Q

what do mammals that inhabit dry environments vs. those in fresh water have?

A

in dry environments they have long loops of henle but in fresh water, they have relatively short loops

203
Q

where do freshwater fishes conserve salt and that do they excrete?

A

in their distal tubules and excrete large volumes of very dilute urine

204
Q

what is kidney function in amphibians similar to?

A

freshwater fishes

205
Q

how do amphibians conserve water on land?

A

by reabsorbing water from the urinary bladder

206
Q

what are mammals responding to when controllinig the volume and osmolarity of urine?

A

the changes in salt intake and water availability

207
Q

what does a combination of nervous and hormonals controls manage?

A

the osmoregularity functions of the mammalian kidney

208
Q

what does does the homonal and nervous control contribute to for blood pressure and blood volume?

A

homeostasis

209
Q

what is another name for Antidiueretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

vasopressin

210
Q

what does osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus monitor and regulate?

A

blood osmorality and regulate the reason of ADH from the posterior pituitary

211
Q

what happens when osmolarity rises above its set point?

A

ADH releases into the blood stream increases

212
Q

order of the way osmorality works (6) (NBHHDN)

A

1) normal blood osmorality
2) blood osmorality increases (after sweating- exercise)
3) hypothalamus triggers release of ADH
4) hypothalamus generates thirst
5) drink water
6) normal osmorality is restored

213
Q

what does binding of ADH receptor molecules lead to a temporary increase of?

A

the number of aquaporin proteins in the membrane of collecting ducts

214
Q

what does the binding of ADH receptor molecules reduce?

A

urine volume and lowers blood osmorality

215
Q

what is alcohol or caffeine and why?

A

a diuretic because it inhibits the release of ADH

216
Q

what does mutation of ADH productions cause?

A

severe dehydration and results in diabetes inspidus

217
Q

part of a complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis

A

renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system (RAAS)

218
Q

what causes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) to release the enzyme renin?

A

a drop in blood pressure near the glomerulus

219
Q

what does Renin trigger?

A

the formation of the peptide angiotensin II

220
Q

how does RAAS differ from osmorality?

A

RAAS responds to blood pressure from dehydration

221
Q

what raises blood pressure and decreases blood flow to the kidneys?

A

angiotensin II

222
Q

what releases the hormone aldosterone?

A

angiotensin II

223
Q

what does aldosterone increase?

A

blood volume and pressure

224
Q

though ADH and RAAS both increase water absorbtion what does only RAAS respond to?

A

a decrease in blood volume

225
Q

what type of inflow/outflow does freshwater animals have?

A

does not drink water, salt in H2O (active transport by gills)

226
Q

what type of inflow outflow does marine bony fishes have?

A

drink water, salt in H2O salt out (active by gills)

227
Q

what type inflow/outflow does terrrestrial verterbrates have?

A

drink water by mouth

228
Q

what type of urine volume do marine fishes have?

A

large volume which is less concentrated than body fluids

229
Q

what type of urine do marine bony fishes have?

A

small volume of water, urine is slightly less concentrated than body fluids

230
Q

what type of urine do terrestrial vertebrates have?

A

moderate volume of urine, urine is more concentrated than body fluids s

231
Q

how does the heart muscle pump blood?

A

via muscle contraction

232
Q

if the cardiac muscle isn’t getting enough blood what happens?

A

your body isn’t getting the nutrients that your body needs to function such as oxygen

233
Q

what do the coronary arteries do?

A

supply blood to the heart muscle

234
Q

what can happen if coronary arteries become narrowed by fatty or mineralized deposits?

A

diseases such as atherorsclerosis can occur which can lead to high blood pressure leading to a heart attack

235
Q

why are coronary arteries so easily blocked by floating emoblisms?

A

arteries already have thick walls and inflammation cause them to narrow more and can lead to a heart attack. they are much smaller compared to aorta

236
Q

what is the timing of the contractions of the heart regulated by?

A

the sinoatrial (SA) node aka the pacemaker

237
Q

how do action potentials get from muscle to muscle cell?

A

via a gap junction.

238
Q

connects two cells

A

gap junction

239
Q

what does it mean if an EKG shows a long delay between the P wave and the QRS complex?

A

the AV node is damaged between the atria and the ventricles of the heart

240
Q

which of the four valves can be leaking with a heart murmur?

A

any of them but the mitral and aortic valves are most common

241
Q

when is the sloshy sound of a heart murmur heard?

A

during ventricular systole

242
Q

when is the dub sound heard?

A

during ventricular diastole

243
Q

what do the chordae tendinae (heart strings) do?

A

they keep the valves closed

244
Q

what does it mean if the valves are leaking?

A

that the chordae tendinae aren’t working causing a heart murmur

245
Q

what can angioplasty and an insteration of a stent do?

A

it can remove the blockage of the arteries and restore normal blood flow

246
Q

why would a stent be favorable over open heart surgery?

A

it’s less life threateneing and less risks of infection from incisions

Biology 201 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions