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Biology 201 > Lecture Exam #3 part 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #3 part 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

what do inverterbrates account for?

A

more than 95% of known animal species

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1
Q

animals that lack a back bone

A

inverterbrates

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2
Q

what are some distinctions of inverterbrates?

A

they are morphollogically diverse and occupy almost every habitat on earth

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3
Q

basal animals that lack tissues

A

sponges

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4
Q

what are animals in the phylum Porifera informally known as?

A

sponges

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5
Q

where do sponges live?

A

in marine waters or fresh water

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6
Q

what type of feeders are sponges?

A

filter feeders

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7
Q

feeding by capturing particles suspended in the water that passes through the body

A

filter feeder

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8
Q

how is water drawn in and out of a sponge?

A

through pores in a cavity called the spongocoel and out through an opening called the osculum

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9
Q

what do sponges lack?

A

true tissues and organs

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10
Q

flagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food

A

choanocytes

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11
Q

what do sponges consist of?

A

a gelatinous noncellular mesohyl layer between 2 cells

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12
Q

found in the mesohyl and play roles in digestion and structure in sponges

A

amoebocytes

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13
Q

what are most sponges and what does that mean?

A

hermatphrodites, each individual function as both male and female

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14
Q

what are Cnidarians an ancient phylum of?

A

eumetazoans

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15
Q

what do all animals except sponges and a few other groups belong to?

A

the clade Eumetazoa

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16
Q

what type of animals are Eumetazoa ones?

A

animals with true tissues

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17
Q

what is the oldest clade in the Eumetazoans?

A

Phylum Cnidaria

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18
Q

what have Cnidarians diversified into?

A

both sessile and mobile forms

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19
Q

what do Cnidarians include?

A

jellies, corals and hyrdras

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20
Q

what do Cnidarians exhibit?

A

a relatively simple diploblastic, radial body plan

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21
Q

what does the basic body plan of a Cnidarian include?

A

a sac with a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity

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22
Q

how many openings does a Cnidarian have?

A

a single one that functions as the mouth and the anus

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23
Q

two variations on a Cnidarian body plan (SM)

A

1) sessile polyp

2) motile medusa

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24
Q

adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body

A

polyp

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25
Q

has a bell-shaped body with its mouth on the underside

A

medusa

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26
Q

what does Medusae not attached to?

A

the substrate but moves freely

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27
Q

what type of animals are cnidarians?

A

carnivores

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28
Q

how does cnidarians capture prey?

A

using their tentacles

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29
Q

what are Cnidarian’s tentacles armed with that function in defense and capture prey?

A

unique cells, cnidocytes

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30
Q

specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

A

neamtocysts

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31
Q

what 2 major clades did the Phylum Cnidaria diverge into early in its evolutionary history?

A

Medusozoa and Anthozoa

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32
Q

what does Meduzoans include?

A

all cnidarians that produce a medusa

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33
Q

types of medusozoans

A

1) scyphozoans (jellies)
2) cubozoans (box jellies)
3) hydrozoans

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34
Q

what do most hydrozoans alternate between?

A

polyp and medusa forms ge

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35
Q

where does the freshwater cnidarian, hydra exist only in?

A

polyp form

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36
Q

how do hydras reproduce?

A

asexually by budding

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37
Q

what stage in life is the medusa of most scyphozoans and cubozoans?

A

the predominant stage

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38
Q

what is an example of the medusa being the predominant stage?

A

coastal scyphozoans have a brief polyp stage whereas ocean species generally have a polyp stage

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39
Q

what do cubozoans often have?

A

highly toxic cnidocytes nal

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40
Q

what is an example of cubozoans having highly toxic cnidocytes?

A

the sting of the sea wasp off the coast of northern Australia can lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest and death within minutes

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41
Q

what does the clade Anthozoa include?

A

the corals and sea anemones

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42
Q

what does Anthozoans occur only as?

A

polyps

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43
Q

what do corals often form?

A

symbioses with algae

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44
Q

what does corals usually secrete?

A

a hard exoskeleton (external exoskeleton)

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45
Q

what does each generation of Anthozoans grow on?

A

the skeletal remains of the previous generation, forming “rocks” that provide habitat for other species

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46
Q

what is the clade Lophotochozoans identified by?

A

molecular data

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47
Q

what does the clade Lophotochozoans have the widest range of?

A

animal body forms

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48
Q

what does bilaterian animals have?

A

bilateral symmetry and triploblastic development

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49
Q

what type of digestive system do most bilaterian animals have?

A

a colemn and a digestive tract with two openings

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50
Q

what does the clade Bilateria include? (3) (LED)

A

1) lophotrochozoa
2) Ecdysozoa
3) Deuterostomia

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51
Q

why do some lophophore develop?

A

for feeding others pass through a trochophore larval stage and a few have neither

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52
Q

what does Lophotrochozoa include? (6) (FREBMA)

A

1) flatworms
2) rotifers
3) ectoprocts
4) brachiopods
5) molluscs
6) annelids

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53
Q

where do members of phylum Platyhelminthes live?

A

marine, freshwater and damp terrestrial habitats

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54
Q

although flatworms undergo triploblastic development what are they?

A

acoelomates

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55
Q

what type of digestive tract do flatworms have?

A

a gastrovascular cavity with one opening

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56
Q

in flatworms where does gas exchange take place?

A

across the surface and protonephridia (like a kidney) regulate the osmotic balance

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57
Q

what does flatworm’s dorsoventrally flattened shape maxamize?

A

surface area for gas exchange

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58
Q

two lineages that flatworms are divided into

A

1) catenulida or “chain worms” (reproduce asexually by budding)
2) Rhabditophora (more diverse and include both free-living and parasitic species)

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59
Q

what are the best known Rhabditophorans?

A

planarians

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60
Q

where do planarians live and what do they prey on?

A

in fresh water and prey on small animals

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61
Q

what do planarians have?

A

light-sensitive eyespots and centralized nerve nets

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62
Q

what type of nervous system do planarians have?

A

a more complex and centralized one than the nerve sets of cnidarians

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63
Q

what type of animals are planarians sexually?

A

hermaphrodites and can produce sexually or asexually through fission

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64
Q

where do parasitic rhabditophorans live?

A

in or on other animals

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65
Q

two important groups of parasitic rhabditophorans (TT)

A

1) trematodes

2) tapeworms

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66
Q

what do trematodes parasitize?

A

a wide range of hosts

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67
Q

what do most trematodes have?

A

complex life cycles alternating sexual and asexual stages

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68
Q

where do trematodes that paratisize humans spend part of their lives?

A

in snail hosts

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69
Q

what do trematodes that partisize humans produce?

A

surface proteins that mimic their host

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70
Q

what does the surface proteins that trematodes produce release?

A

molecules that manipulate the host’s immune system

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71
Q

what are tapeworms?

A

parasites of verterbrates

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72
Q

what do tapeworms lack?

A

a digestive system

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73
Q

what do tapeworms absorb?

A

nutrients from the host’s intestine

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74
Q

what does the scolex of a tapeworm contain?

A

suckers and hooks for attaching to the host

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75
Q

what are the proglottids in tapeworms?

A

units that contain sex organs and form a ribbon behind the scolex

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76
Q

what do fertilized eggs produced by sexual reproduction in tapeworms do?

A

leave the host’s body in feces

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77
Q

what type of animals are Rotifers in the phylum Rorifera?

A

tiny animals

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78
Q

where do rotifers live?

A

they inhabit fresh water, the ocean and damp soil

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79
Q

even though rotifers are smaller than many protists where are they truly?

A

multicellular and have specialized organ systems

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80
Q

what type of digestive system do rotifers have?

A

an alimentary canal

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81
Q

a digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus that lies within a fluid-filled pseducoelm

A

alimentary canal

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82
Q

how do rotiers reproduce?

A

by parthenogenesis

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83
Q

when females produce offspring from unfertilized egg

A

parthenogenesis

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84
Q

how are some species of rotifers unusual?

A

they lack males entirely

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85
Q

what do lophorates have?

A

a crown of ciliated tentacles around their mouth and a true coelom

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86
Q

what are the two phyla of lophorates? (EB)

A

1) ecroprocta

2) brachipoda

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87
Q

what are ectoprocts also called?

A

bryozoans

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88
Q

what type of animals are ectoprocts?

A

sessile (don’t move much) colonial animals

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89
Q

what do ectoprocts superficially resemble?

A

plants

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90
Q

what encases the colony in ectoprocts?

A

a hard exoskeleton

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91
Q

what are some species of ectoprocts?

A

reef builders

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92
Q

What do brachiopods superficially resemble?

A

clams and other hinge-shelled molluscs

93
Q

how are brachiopods different than clams?

A

the two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral as in clams

94
Q

where do brachiopods live?

A

they are marine and most attach to the seafloor by a stalk

95
Q

what does phylum Mollusca include? (3) (SOO)

A

1) snails and slugs
2) oysters and clams
3) octopuses and squids

96
Q

where do most molluscs live?

A

most are marine though some inhabit fresh water and some snails and slugs are terrestrial

97
Q

what type of animals are molluscs?

A

soft-bodied animals but most are protected by hard shell

98
Q

3 main parts of molluscs body plan that all have (MVM)

A

1) muscular foot
2) visceral mass
3) mantle

99
Q

what do many molluscs also have?

A

a water-filled mantle cavity

100
Q

how do many molluscs feed?

A

using a rasplike radula

101
Q

what are most molluscs sexually?

A

they have separate sexes with gonads located in the visceral mass but many snails are hermaphordites

102
Q

what does the life cycle of many molluscs include?

A

a ciliated larval stage called a trochophore

103
Q

4 major classes of molluscs (PGBC)

A

1) polyplacophora (chitons)
2) gastropoda (snails and slugs)
3) bivalvia (clams, oysters, and other bivalves)
4) cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish and chambered natiluses)

104
Q

oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armore of eight dorsal plates

A

chitons

105
Q

what do chitons use their foot like suction cup and radula for?

A

to grip rock and their radula to scrape algae of the rock surface

106
Q

where do most gastropods live?

A

marine but many are freshwater and terrestrial species

107
Q

how do gastropods move?

A

slowly by rippling motion of the foot or by cilia

108
Q

what do most gastropods have?

A

a single, spiraled shell

109
Q

what does the single,spiraled shell in gastropods function in?

A

protection from injury, dehydration and predation

110
Q

what are most gastropods?

A

herbivores but some species use modified radula to feed on prey

111
Q

what type of species are bivalves?

A

aquatic

112
Q

what does bivalves include? (4) (COMS)

A

1) clams
2) oysters
3) mussels
4) scallops

113
Q

what does bivavlves have?

A

a shell divided into 2 halves drawn together by abductor muscles

114
Q

what does some bivalves have?

A

eyes and sensory tentacles alongthe edge of their mantle

115
Q

what does the mantle cavity of a bivalve contain?

A

gills

116
Q

what are gills used for in bivalves?

A

feeding as well as gas exchange

117
Q

what are most species of bivavles?

A

sedentary but some have limited mobility

118
Q

what type of species are cephalopods

A

carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot

119
Q

how are cephalopods able to immobilize their prey?

A

with a poison present in their saliva

120
Q

how do most octopuses (cephalopods) search for prey?

A

by creeping along the sea floor

121
Q

what allows squid (cephalopods) to swim quickly?

A

they use their siphon to fire a jet of water

122
Q

what is the one group of shelled cephalopods that survive today?

A

nautiluses

123
Q

characteristics of cephalopods (3) (CWC)

A

1) closed circulatory system
2) well-developed sense organs
3) complex brain

124
Q

what are shelled cephalopods called?

A

ammonites

125
Q

when did ammonites go extinct?

A

at the end of the Cretaceous 65.5 million years ago

126
Q

which animal group had the largest number of recent extinctions?

A

molluscs

127
Q

most threatened molluscs (2) (FT)

A

1) freshwater bivalves (including pearl mussels)

2) terrestrial gastropods (including Pacific island land snails)

128
Q

what are the most threatened molluscs threatened by?

A

1) habitat loss
2) pollution
3) non-native species

129
Q

coelomates with bodies composed of a series of fused rings

A

annelids

130
Q

3 clades of annelids (POH) (old way)

A

1) Polychaeta (polychaetes)
2) Oligochaeta (oligochaetes)
3) hirundinea (leeches)

131
Q

most recent 2 major clades of annelids (ES)

A

1) Errantia

2) sedentaria

132
Q

what are most membrs of the clade Errantia?

A

mobile, marine organisms

133
Q

what do many erratians have?

A

a pair of paddle-like or ridge-like structures called parapodia (besides feet) on each body segment

134
Q

what does each parapodium have?

A

numerous chaetae bristles made of chitin

135
Q

what is not unique to the Erratian clade?

A

parapodia

136
Q

what do sedentarians tend to be less of than erratians?

A

mobile

137
Q

what do some species of sedentarians do?

A

burrow into the substrate while others live in protective tubes

138
Q

what do tube-dwelling sedentatians often have?

A

elaborate gills or tentacles used for filter feeding

139
Q

what does the sedentarian clade also contain?

A

leeches and earthworms

140
Q

where do most species of leeches live?

A

in fresh water, some are marine and terrestrial

141
Q

what do leeches include?

A

predators of invertebrates and parasites that suck blood

142
Q

what do leeches secrete?

A

a chemical called hirudin

143
Q

what does hirudin do?

A

prevents blood from coagulating

144
Q

how do earthworms eat?

A

through soil, extracting nutrients as the soil moves through the alimentary canal

145
Q

what are earthworms sexually?

A

hermaphrodites but cross-fertilize

146
Q

how do some earthworms reproduce?

A

asexually by fragmentation sozoans

147
Q

what is the most species-rich animal group?

A

Ecdysozoans

148
Q

what are ecdysozoans covered by?

A

a tough coat called a cuticle

149
Q

the process when the cuticle is shed or molted

A

ecdysis

150
Q

two largest phylum of Ecdysozoans (NA)

A

1) nematodes

2) arthropods

151
Q

where are nematodes or roundworms found? (4) (MSMB)

A

1) most aquatic habitats
2) in the soil
3) in moist tissues of plants
4) body fluids and tissues of animals

152
Q

what type of digestive system do nematodes have?

A

an alimentary canal

153
Q

what do nematodes lack?

A

a circulatory system

154
Q

what are body wall muscles in nemataodes and what does their contraction produce?

A

longitudinal and they produce a thrashing motion

155
Q

what is a model organism in research with nematodes?

A

Caenorhabdtitis elegans

156
Q

what are some species of nematodes?

A

important parasites of plants and animals

157
Q

what type of nematodes could be acquired by humans from uncooked pork?

A

Trichinella spiralis

158
Q

how many species of animals are arthropods?

A

two out of every three known species

159
Q

where are members of the phylum Arthropoda found in?

A

nearly all habitats of the biosphere

160
Q

what does the arthropod body plan consist of? (3) (SHJ)

A

1) segmented body
2) hard exoskeleton
3) jointed appendages

161
Q

what does the arthropod body plan date to?

A

the Cambrian Explosion

162
Q

what did early arthropods show?

A

little variation from segment to segment

163
Q

what is arthropod evolution characterized by? (2) (DI)

A

1) decrease in number of segments

2) increase in appendage specialization

164
Q

what are changes to arthropods caused by?

A

changes in Hox gene sequence or regulation

165
Q

what functions are the appendages of some living arthropods modified for? (5)(WFSRD)

A

1) walking
2) feeding
3) sensory reception
4) reproduction
5) defense

166
Q

what are modified appendages of arhtopods?

A

jointed and come in pairs

167
Q

what is the body of a arthropod completely covered by?

A

the cuticle

168
Q

what is the cuticle of an arthropod made of?

A

layers of protein and polysaccharide chitin

169
Q

when an arthropod grows what happens to its exoskeleton?

A

it molts

170
Q

what sensory organs do arthropods have? (3) (EOA)

A

1) eyes
2) olfactory receptors
3) antennae (functions in touch and smell)

171
Q

what type of circulatory system do arthropods have?

A

open

172
Q

how does the circulatory system operate in arthropods?

A

hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs

173
Q

what do a variety of organs specialize in arthropods evolved for?

A

gas exchange

174
Q

what suggests that arthropods consist of 3 major lineages that diverged early in the phylum’s evolution?

A

morphologicals and molecular evidence

175
Q

3 lineages of arthropods (CMP)

A

1) chelicerates
2) myriapods
3) pancrustaceans

176
Q

what are most modern chelicerates and what does that include?

A

arachnids, includes spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites

177
Q

how many pairs of appendages do arachnids have?

A

6

178
Q

what do the 6 pair of appendages that arrachnids have consist of? (3) (CPF)

A

1) the chelicerae
2) the pedipalps
3) four pairs of walking legs

179
Q

where does gas exchange occur in spiders?

A

in respiratory organs called book lungs

180
Q

what do many spiders produce?

A

silk, a liquid protein from specialized abdominal glands

181
Q

what does the clade myriapods include?

A

millipedes and centipedes

182
Q

what are all living myriapods?

A

terrestrial

183
Q

what parts do myriapods have?

A

1) a pair of antennae

2) 3 pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts

184
Q

what do millipedes eat?

A

decaying leaves and plant matter

185
Q

what do millipedes have?

A

many legs with two pairs per trunk segment

186
Q

what type of animals are centipedes?

A

carnivores

187
Q

what do centipedes have?

A

one pair of legs per trunk segment

188
Q

what do poison claws on the foremost trunk segment of centipedes do?

A

paralyze prey and aid in defense

189
Q

what does recent evidence indicate about terrestrial insects?

A

that they are more closely related to crustaceans than myriapods

190
Q

what are some lineages of crustaceans more closely related to?

A

insects than other crustaceans

191
Q

what does together insects and crustaceans form?

A

the clade pancrustacea

192
Q

where do crustaceans live?

A

in marine and freshwater environments

193
Q

what do many crustaceans have?

A

highly specialized appendages

194
Q

what do small crustaceans exchanges gases through?

A

the cuticle

195
Q

what do larger crustaceans use to exchange gasses?

A

gills

196
Q

do most crustaceans have separate male and female?

A

yes, not a lot of hermaphradites

197
Q

what do isopods include?

A

terrestrial, freshwater and marine species

198
Q

what is a well known group of terrestrial isopods?

A

pill bugs

199
Q

what are decapods?

A

relatively large crustaceans

200
Q

what does decapods include?

A

lobsters, crabs, crayfish and shrimp

201
Q

what does planktonic crustaceans include?

A

many species of copepods

202
Q

what are among the most numerous of all animals?

A

copepods

203
Q

what are copepods rivaled in abundance by?

A

shrimplike krill

204
Q

what are a group of mostly sessile crustaceans?

A

barnacles

205
Q

what do barnacles have?

A

a cuticle

206
Q

what is the cuticle of barnacles hardened into?

A

a calcium carbonate shell

207
Q

what is an enormous clade including insects and their relatives?

A

Hexapoda

208
Q

where do insects live?

A

in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh water

209
Q

what does the internal anatomy of an insect include?

A

several complex organ systems

210
Q

what did the diversification of insects follow? (3) (EAE)

A

1) the evolution of flight
2) adaption to feeding on gymnosperms
3) the expansion of angiosperms

211
Q

when did insect and plant diversity decline?

A

during the Cretaceous extinction but has been increasing in the 65 million years since

212
Q

what is the one key to great success of insects?

A

flight

213
Q

what advantages does an animal that can fly have? (3) (EFD)

A

1) can escape predators
2) find food
3) disperse to new habitats much faster than organism that can only crawl

214
Q

what are insect wings?

A

an extension of the cuticle

215
Q

what do many insect undergo during their development?

A

metamorphasis

216
Q

the young called nymphs, resemble adults but are similar and go through a series of molts until they reach full size

A

incomplete metamorphosis )

217
Q

have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub or caterpillar

A

complete metamorphsis

218
Q

what is true of the larval stage of complete metamorphosis

A

it looks entirely different from the adult stage

219
Q

metamorphasis stages of a butterfly (5) (LPLEA)

A

1) larva (caterpillar)
2) pupa
3) later stage pupa
4) emerging adult
5) adult (butterfly)

220
Q

what do most insect have sexually?

A

separate male and females that reproduce sexually (not many hermaphradites)

221
Q

how do individuals of insects find and recognize members of their own species by? (3) (BSO)

A

1) bright colors
2) sound
3) odors

222
Q

what are some insects in terms of disease?

A

some are beneficial as pollinators while other are harmful as carriers of disease or pests of crops

223
Q

what are insects classified into?

A

more than 30 orders

224
Q

what do chordates (phylum chordata) include?

A

verterbrates

225
Q

what clade do Echniderms and chordates constitute?

A

Deuterostomia

226
Q

developmental characteristics that deuterostomes share (2) (RF)

A

1) radial cleavage

2) formation of the anus from the blastophore

227
Q

what are deuterostomes defined primarily by?

A

DNA similarities

228
Q

what is an example of a free living species of nematode?

A

caenorhabditis elegans

229
Q

what are some examples of parasitic species of nematodes? (5) (TADRM)

A

1) trichinella (forms cysts in skeletal muscle)
2) ascaris (found in digestive system of farm animals)
3) dog heartworm
4) river blindness)
5) many plant diseases

230
Q

advantages to having an exoskeleton (3) (TPP)

A

1) thin and flexible
2) provides support against gravity
3 protection from dehydration

231
Q

disadvantages of having an exoskeleton

A

doesn’t grow with organism

Biology 201 (18 decks)

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