Lecture Exam #3 part 3 Flashcards
0
Q
what do inverterbrates account for?
A
more than 95% of known animal species
1
Q
animals that lack a back bone
A
inverterbrates
2
Q
what are some distinctions of inverterbrates?
A
they are morphollogically diverse and occupy almost every habitat on earth
3
Q
basal animals that lack tissues
A
sponges
4
Q
what are animals in the phylum Porifera informally known as?
A
sponges
5
Q
where do sponges live?
A
in marine waters or fresh water
6
Q
what type of feeders are sponges?
A
filter feeders
7
Q
feeding by capturing particles suspended in the water that passes through the body
A
filter feeder
8
Q
how is water drawn in and out of a sponge?
A
through pores in a cavity called the spongocoel and out through an opening called the osculum
9
Q
what do sponges lack?
A
true tissues and organs
10
Q
flagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food
A
choanocytes
11
Q
what do sponges consist of?
A
a gelatinous noncellular mesohyl layer between 2 cells
12
Q
found in the mesohyl and play roles in digestion and structure in sponges
A
amoebocytes
13
Q
what are most sponges and what does that mean?
A
hermatphrodites, each individual function as both male and female
14
Q
what are Cnidarians an ancient phylum of?
A
eumetazoans
15
Q
what do all animals except sponges and a few other groups belong to?
A
the clade Eumetazoa
16
Q
what type of animals are Eumetazoa ones?
A
animals with true tissues
17
Q
what is the oldest clade in the Eumetazoans?
A
Phylum Cnidaria
18
Q
what have Cnidarians diversified into?
A
both sessile and mobile forms
19
Q
what do Cnidarians include?
A
jellies, corals and hyrdras
20
Q
what do Cnidarians exhibit?
A
a relatively simple diploblastic, radial body plan
21
Q
what does the basic body plan of a Cnidarian include?
A
a sac with a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity
22
Q
how many openings does a Cnidarian have?
A
a single one that functions as the mouth and the anus
23
Q
two variations on a Cnidarian body plan (SM)
A
1) sessile polyp
2) motile medusa
24
adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body
polyp
25
has a bell-shaped body with its mouth on the underside
medusa
26
what does Medusae not attached to?
the substrate but moves freely
27
what type of animals are cnidarians?
carnivores
28
how does cnidarians capture prey?
using their tentacles
29
what are Cnidarian's tentacles armed with that function in defense and capture prey?
unique cells, cnidocytes
30
specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread
neamtocysts
31
what 2 major clades did the Phylum Cnidaria diverge into early in its evolutionary history?
Medusozoa and Anthozoa
32
what does Meduzoans include?
all cnidarians that produce a medusa
33
types of medusozoans
1) scyphozoans (jellies)
2) cubozoans (box jellies)
3) hydrozoans
34
what do most hydrozoans alternate between?
polyp and medusa forms ge
35
where does the freshwater cnidarian, hydra exist only in?
polyp form
36
how do hydras reproduce?
asexually by budding
37
what stage in life is the medusa of most scyphozoans and cubozoans?
the predominant stage
38
what is an example of the medusa being the predominant stage?
coastal scyphozoans have a brief polyp stage whereas ocean species generally have a polyp stage
39
what do cubozoans often have?
highly toxic cnidocytes nal
40
what is an example of cubozoans having highly toxic cnidocytes?
the sting of the sea wasp off the coast of northern Australia can lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest and death within minutes
41
what does the clade Anthozoa include?
the corals and sea anemones
42
what does Anthozoans occur only as?
polyps
43
what do corals often form?
symbioses with algae
44
what does corals usually secrete?
a hard exoskeleton (external exoskeleton)
45
what does each generation of Anthozoans grow on?
the skeletal remains of the previous generation, forming "rocks" that provide habitat for other species
46
what is the clade Lophotochozoans identified by?
molecular data
47
what does the clade Lophotochozoans have the widest range of?
animal body forms
48
what does bilaterian animals have?
bilateral symmetry and triploblastic development
49
what type of digestive system do most bilaterian animals have?
a colemn and a digestive tract with two openings
50
what does the clade Bilateria include? (3) (LED)
1) lophotrochozoa
2) Ecdysozoa
3) Deuterostomia
51
why do some lophophore develop?
for feeding others pass through a trochophore larval stage and a few have neither
52
what does Lophotrochozoa include? (6) (FREBMA)
1) flatworms
2) rotifers
3) ectoprocts
4) brachiopods
5) molluscs
6) annelids
53
where do members of phylum Platyhelminthes live?
marine, freshwater and damp terrestrial habitats
54
although flatworms undergo triploblastic development what are they?
acoelomates
55
what type of digestive tract do flatworms have?
a gastrovascular cavity with one opening
56
in flatworms where does gas exchange take place?
across the surface and protonephridia (like a kidney) regulate the osmotic balance
57
what does flatworm's dorsoventrally flattened shape maxamize?
surface area for gas exchange
58
two lineages that flatworms are divided into
1) catenulida or "chain worms" (reproduce asexually by budding)
2) Rhabditophora (more diverse and include both free-living and parasitic species)
59
what are the best known Rhabditophorans?
planarians
60
where do planarians live and what do they prey on?
in fresh water and prey on small animals
61
what do planarians have?
light-sensitive eyespots and centralized nerve nets
62
what type of nervous system do planarians have?
a more complex and centralized one than the nerve sets of cnidarians
63
what type of animals are planarians sexually?
hermaphrodites and can produce sexually or asexually through fission
64
where do parasitic rhabditophorans live?
in or on other animals
65
two important groups of parasitic rhabditophorans (TT)
1) trematodes
| 2) tapeworms
66
what do trematodes parasitize?
a wide range of hosts
67
what do most trematodes have?
complex life cycles alternating sexual and asexual stages
68
where do trematodes that paratisize humans spend part of their lives?
in snail hosts
69
what do trematodes that partisize humans produce?
surface proteins that mimic their host
70
what does the surface proteins that trematodes produce release?
molecules that manipulate the host's immune system
71
what are tapeworms?
parasites of verterbrates
72
what do tapeworms lack?
a digestive system
73
what do tapeworms absorb?
nutrients from the host's intestine
74
what does the scolex of a tapeworm contain?
suckers and hooks for attaching to the host
75
what are the proglottids in tapeworms?
units that contain sex organs and form a ribbon behind the scolex
76
what do fertilized eggs produced by sexual reproduction in tapeworms do?
leave the host's body in feces
77
what type of animals are Rotifers in the phylum Rorifera?
tiny animals
78
where do rotifers live?
they inhabit fresh water, the ocean and damp soil
79
even though rotifers are smaller than many protists where are they truly?
multicellular and have specialized organ systems
80
what type of digestive system do rotifers have?
an alimentary canal
81
a digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus that lies within a fluid-filled pseducoelm
alimentary canal
82
how do rotiers reproduce?
by parthenogenesis
83
when females produce offspring from unfertilized egg
parthenogenesis
84
how are some species of rotifers unusual?
they lack males entirely
85
what do lophorates have?
a crown of ciliated tentacles around their mouth and a true coelom
86
what are the two phyla of lophorates? (EB)
1) ecroprocta
| 2) brachipoda
87
what are ectoprocts also called?
bryozoans
88
what type of animals are ectoprocts?
sessile (don't move much) colonial animals
89
what do ectoprocts superficially resemble?
plants
90
what encases the colony in ectoprocts?
a hard exoskeleton
91
what are some species of ectoprocts?
reef builders
92
What do brachiopods superficially resemble?
clams and other hinge-shelled molluscs
93
how are brachiopods different than clams?
the two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral as in clams
94
where do brachiopods live?
they are marine and most attach to the seafloor by a stalk
95
what does phylum Mollusca include? (3) (SOO)
1) snails and slugs
2) oysters and clams
3) octopuses and squids
96
where do most molluscs live?
most are marine though some inhabit fresh water and some snails and slugs are terrestrial
97
what type of animals are molluscs?
soft-bodied animals but most are protected by hard shell
98
3 main parts of molluscs body plan that all have (MVM)
1) muscular foot
2) visceral mass
3) mantle
99
what do many molluscs also have?
a water-filled mantle cavity
100
how do many molluscs feed?
using a rasplike radula
101
what are most molluscs sexually?
they have separate sexes with gonads located in the visceral mass but many snails are hermaphordites
102
what does the life cycle of many molluscs include?
a ciliated larval stage called a trochophore
103
4 major classes of molluscs (PGBC)
1) polyplacophora (chitons)
2) gastropoda (snails and slugs)
3) bivalvia (clams, oysters, and other bivalves)
4) cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish and chambered natiluses)
104
oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armore of eight dorsal plates
chitons
105
what do chitons use their foot like suction cup and radula for?
to grip rock and their radula to scrape algae of the rock surface
106
where do most gastropods live?
marine but many are freshwater and terrestrial species
107
how do gastropods move?
slowly by rippling motion of the foot or by cilia
108
what do most gastropods have?
a single, spiraled shell
109
what does the single,spiraled shell in gastropods function in?
protection from injury, dehydration and predation
110
what are most gastropods?
herbivores but some species use modified radula to feed on prey
111
what type of species are bivalves?
aquatic
112
what does bivalves include? (4) (COMS)
1) clams
2) oysters
3) mussels
4) scallops
113
what does bivavlves have?
a shell divided into 2 halves drawn together by abductor muscles
114
what does some bivalves have?
eyes and sensory tentacles alongthe edge of their mantle
115
what does the mantle cavity of a bivalve contain?
gills
116
what are gills used for in bivalves?
feeding as well as gas exchange
117
what are most species of bivavles?
sedentary but some have limited mobility
118
what type of species are cephalopods
carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot
119
how are cephalopods able to immobilize their prey?
with a poison present in their saliva
120
how do most octopuses (cephalopods) search for prey?
by creeping along the sea floor
121
what allows squid (cephalopods) to swim quickly?
they use their siphon to fire a jet of water
122
what is the one group of shelled cephalopods that survive today?
nautiluses
123
characteristics of cephalopods (3) (CWC)
1) closed circulatory system
2) well-developed sense organs
3) complex brain
124
what are shelled cephalopods called?
ammonites
125
when did ammonites go extinct?
at the end of the Cretaceous 65.5 million years ago
126
which animal group had the largest number of recent extinctions?
molluscs
127
most threatened molluscs (2) (FT)
1) freshwater bivalves (including pearl mussels)
| 2) terrestrial gastropods (including Pacific island land snails)
128
what are the most threatened molluscs threatened by?
1) habitat loss
2) pollution
3) non-native species
129
coelomates with bodies composed of a series of fused rings
annelids
130
3 clades of annelids (POH) (old way)
1) Polychaeta (polychaetes)
2) Oligochaeta (oligochaetes)
3) hirundinea (leeches)
131
most recent 2 major clades of annelids (ES)
1) Errantia
| 2) sedentaria
132
what are most membrs of the clade Errantia?
mobile, marine organisms
133
what do many erratians have?
a pair of paddle-like or ridge-like structures called parapodia (besides feet) on each body segment
134
what does each parapodium have?
numerous chaetae bristles made of chitin
135
what is not unique to the Erratian clade?
parapodia
136
what do sedentarians tend to be less of than erratians?
mobile
137
what do some species of sedentarians do?
burrow into the substrate while others live in protective tubes
138
what do tube-dwelling sedentatians often have?
elaborate gills or tentacles used for filter feeding
139
what does the sedentarian clade also contain?
leeches and earthworms
140
where do most species of leeches live?
in fresh water, some are marine and terrestrial
141
what do leeches include?
predators of invertebrates and parasites that suck blood
142
what do leeches secrete?
a chemical called hirudin
143
what does hirudin do?
prevents blood from coagulating
144
how do earthworms eat?
through soil, extracting nutrients as the soil moves through the alimentary canal
145
what are earthworms sexually?
hermaphrodites but cross-fertilize
146
how do some earthworms reproduce?
asexually by fragmentation sozoans
147
what is the most species-rich animal group?
Ecdysozoans
148
what are ecdysozoans covered by?
a tough coat called a cuticle
149
the process when the cuticle is shed or molted
ecdysis
150
two largest phylum of Ecdysozoans (NA)
1) nematodes
| 2) arthropods
151
where are nematodes or roundworms found? (4) (MSMB)
1) most aquatic habitats
2) in the soil
3) in moist tissues of plants
4) body fluids and tissues of animals
152
what type of digestive system do nematodes have?
an alimentary canal
153
what do nematodes lack?
a circulatory system
154
what are body wall muscles in nemataodes and what does their contraction produce?
longitudinal and they produce a thrashing motion
155
what is a model organism in research with nematodes?
Caenorhabdtitis elegans
156
what are some species of nematodes?
important parasites of plants and animals
157
what type of nematodes could be acquired by humans from uncooked pork?
Trichinella spiralis
158
how many species of animals are arthropods?
two out of every three known species
159
where are members of the phylum Arthropoda found in?
nearly all habitats of the biosphere
160
what does the arthropod body plan consist of? (3) (SHJ)
1) segmented body
2) hard exoskeleton
3) jointed appendages
161
what does the arthropod body plan date to?
the Cambrian Explosion
162
what did early arthropods show?
little variation from segment to segment
163
what is arthropod evolution characterized by? (2) (DI)
1) decrease in number of segments
| 2) increase in appendage specialization
164
what are changes to arthropods caused by?
changes in Hox gene sequence or regulation
165
what functions are the appendages of some living arthropods modified for? (5)(WFSRD)
1) walking
2) feeding
3) sensory reception
4) reproduction
5) defense
166
what are modified appendages of arhtopods?
jointed and come in pairs
167
what is the body of a arthropod completely covered by?
the cuticle
168
what is the cuticle of an arthropod made of?
layers of protein and polysaccharide chitin
169
when an arthropod grows what happens to its exoskeleton?
it molts
170
what sensory organs do arthropods have? (3) (EOA)
1) eyes
2) olfactory receptors
3) antennae (functions in touch and smell)
171
what type of circulatory system do arthropods have?
open
172
how does the circulatory system operate in arthropods?
hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs
173
what do a variety of organs specialize in arthropods evolved for?
gas exchange
174
what suggests that arthropods consist of 3 major lineages that diverged early in the phylum's evolution?
morphologicals and molecular evidence
175
3 lineages of arthropods (CMP)
1) chelicerates
2) myriapods
3) pancrustaceans
176
what are most modern chelicerates and what does that include?
arachnids, includes spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites
177
how many pairs of appendages do arachnids have?
6
178
what do the 6 pair of appendages that arrachnids have consist of? (3) (CPF)
1) the chelicerae
2) the pedipalps
3) four pairs of walking legs
179
where does gas exchange occur in spiders?
in respiratory organs called book lungs
180
what do many spiders produce?
silk, a liquid protein from specialized abdominal glands
181
what does the clade myriapods include?
millipedes and centipedes
182
what are all living myriapods?
terrestrial
183
what parts do myriapods have?
1) a pair of antennae
| 2) 3 pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts
184
what do millipedes eat?
decaying leaves and plant matter
185
what do millipedes have?
many legs with two pairs per trunk segment
186
what type of animals are centipedes?
carnivores
187
what do centipedes have?
one pair of legs per trunk segment
188
what do poison claws on the foremost trunk segment of centipedes do?
paralyze prey and aid in defense
189
what does recent evidence indicate about terrestrial insects?
that they are more closely related to crustaceans than myriapods
190
what are some lineages of crustaceans more closely related to?
insects than other crustaceans
191
what does together insects and crustaceans form?
the clade pancrustacea
192
where do crustaceans live?
in marine and freshwater environments
193
what do many crustaceans have?
highly specialized appendages
194
what do small crustaceans exchanges gases through?
the cuticle
195
what do larger crustaceans use to exchange gasses?
gills
196
do most crustaceans have separate male and female?
yes, not a lot of hermaphradites
197
what do isopods include?
terrestrial, freshwater and marine species
198
what is a well known group of terrestrial isopods?
pill bugs
199
what are decapods?
relatively large crustaceans
200
what does decapods include?
lobsters, crabs, crayfish and shrimp
201
what does planktonic crustaceans include?
many species of copepods
202
what are among the most numerous of all animals?
copepods
203
what are copepods rivaled in abundance by?
shrimplike krill
204
what are a group of mostly sessile crustaceans?
barnacles
205
what do barnacles have?
a cuticle
206
what is the cuticle of barnacles hardened into?
a calcium carbonate shell
207
what is an enormous clade including insects and their relatives?
Hexapoda
208
where do insects live?
in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh water
209
what does the internal anatomy of an insect include?
several complex organ systems
210
what did the diversification of insects follow? (3) (EAE)
1) the evolution of flight
2) adaption to feeding on gymnosperms
3) the expansion of angiosperms
211
when did insect and plant diversity decline?
during the Cretaceous extinction but has been increasing in the 65 million years since
212
what is the one key to great success of insects?
flight
213
what advantages does an animal that can fly have? (3) (EFD)
1) can escape predators
2) find food
3) disperse to new habitats much faster than organism that can only crawl
214
what are insect wings?
an extension of the cuticle
215
what do many insect undergo during their development?
metamorphasis
216
the young called nymphs, resemble adults but are similar and go through a series of molts until they reach full size
incomplete metamorphosis )
217
have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub or caterpillar
complete metamorphsis
218
what is true of the larval stage of complete metamorphosis
it looks entirely different from the adult stage
219
metamorphasis stages of a butterfly (5) (LPLEA)
1) larva (caterpillar)
2) pupa
3) later stage pupa
4) emerging adult
5) adult (butterfly)
220
what do most insect have sexually?
separate male and females that reproduce sexually (not many hermaphradites)
221
how do individuals of insects find and recognize members of their own species by? (3) (BSO)
1) bright colors
2) sound
3) odors
222
what are some insects in terms of disease?
some are beneficial as pollinators while other are harmful as carriers of disease or pests of crops
223
what are insects classified into?
more than 30 orders
224
what do chordates (phylum chordata) include?
verterbrates
225
what clade do Echniderms and chordates constitute?
Deuterostomia
226
developmental characteristics that deuterostomes share (2) (RF)
1) radial cleavage
| 2) formation of the anus from the blastophore
227
what are deuterostomes defined primarily by?
DNA similarities
228
what is an example of a free living species of nematode?
caenorhabditis elegans
229
what are some examples of parasitic species of nematodes? (5) (TADRM)
1) trichinella (forms cysts in skeletal muscle)
2) ascaris (found in digestive system of farm animals)
3) dog heartworm
4) river blindness)
5) many plant diseases
230
advantages to having an exoskeleton (3) (TPP)
1) thin and flexible
2) provides support against gravity
3 protection from dehydration
231
disadvantages of having an exoskeleton
doesn't grow with organism
