Lecture Exam #4 Ch. 51 Flashcards
1
Q
what do fiddler crabs feed and wave with?
A
feed with their small claw and wave their large claw
2
Q
why do male fiddler crabs engage in claw waving?
A
it’s used to repel other males and to attract females
3
Q
an action carried out by the muscles under control of the nervous system
A
behavior
4
Q
what is behavior subject to?
A
natural selection
5
Q
what does discrete sensory inputs stimulate?
A
both simple and complex behaviors
6
Q
what did Niko Tinbergen identify the four questions that should be asked about animal behavior were?
A
1) what stimulus elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
2) how does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?
3) how does the behavior ay?nd survival and reproduction?
4) what is the behavior’s evolutionary histor
7
Q
the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for the animal behavior
A
behavioral ecology
8
Q
what does behavioral ecology integrate?
A
proximate and ultimate explanations for animal behavior
9
Q
what does proximate causation address?
A
“how” a behavior occurs or is modified, including Tinbergen’s questions 1 and 2
10
Q
what does ultimate causation address?
A
“why” a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection, including Tinbergen’s questions 3 and 4
11
Q
a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
A
fixed action patterns
12
Q
what are fixed actions patterns and what happens once initiated?
A
unchageable and once initiated usually carried to completion
13
Q
an external cue that was triggered by a fixed action pattern
A
sign stimulus
14
Q
in male stickleback fish, what is the stimulus for attack behavior?
A
the red underside of an intruder
15
Q
when presented with unrealistic models what happens to the attack behavior?
A
it occurs as long as some red is present
16
Q
what can environmental cue trigger?
A
a movement in a particular direction
17
Q
a regular, long-distance change in location
A
migration
18
Q
how do animals orient themselves? (3) (PPE)
A
1) the position of the sun and their circadian clock, an internal 24-hour clock that is an integral part of their nervous system
2) the position of the north star
3) earth’s magnetic field
19
Q
what is some animal’s behavior affected by?
A
the animal’s circadian rhythm, a daily cycle of rest and activity
20
Q
what are behaviors such as migration and reproduction linked to?
A
changing seasons, or a circannual (yearly) rhythm
21
Q
what are common seasonal cues in behavioral rhythms?
A
daylight and darkness
22
Q
what are some behaviors linked to and what does it affect?
A
lunar cycles, which affects tidal movements
23
Q
in behavioral ecology, a behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior
A
signal
24
Q
the transmission and reception of s ignals
A
communication
25
what signals do animals communicate with? (4) (VCTA)
1) visual
2) chemical
3) tactile
4) auditory
26
what does fruit fly courtship follow?
a three step stimulus-response chain
27
what is the first step of the three-step stimulus-response chain?
a male identifies a female of the same species and orients towards her
28
how does the male use chemical communication in the first step of stimulus-response chain?
he smells a female's chemicals in the air to confirm her identity
29
how does the male use visual communication in the first step of the stimulus-response chain?
he sees the female and orients his body towards her
30
what is the second step of the three-step stimulus-response chain?
the male alerts the female to his presence
31
how does the male use tactile communication in the 2nd step of the stimulus-response chain?
he touches the female with a foreleg
32
what is the third step of the three-step stimulus-response chain?
the male produces a courtship song to inform the female of his species
33
how does the male use auditory communication in the 3rd step of the stimulus-response chain?
he extends and vibrates his wing
34
if all three steps of the stimulus-response chain are successful what happens?
the female will allow the male to copulate
35
what do honeybees show complex communication with?
symbolic language
36
what does a bee returning from the field do to communicate information about the distance and direction of food source?
performs a dance
37
what do many animals that communicate through odors emit?
chemical substances called pheromones
38
what is some examples of bees emitting pheromones? (3) (FHW)
1) a female moth can attract a male moth several kms away
2) a honeybee queen produces a pheromone that affects the development and behavior of female worker and male drones
3) when a minnow or catfish is injured, an alarm substance in the fish's skin disperses in water inducing a fright response among fish in the area
39
what can pheromones be very effective at?
a very low concentration
40
what do nocturnal animals, such as terrestrial mammals depend on?
olfactory and auditory communication
41
what do diurnal animals, such as humans and most birds use?
visual and auditory communication
42
what does learning establish?
specific links between experience and behavior
43
a behavior that is developmentally fixed and does not vary among individuals. They are born with it. (knows how to eat)
innate behavior
44
what does cross-fostering studies help behavioral ecologists to identify?
the contribution of environment to an animal's behavior
45
a study that places the young from one species in the care of adults from another species
cross-fostering study
46
what did studies of California mice and white-footed mice uncover?
an influence on social environment on aggressive and parental behaviors
47
what type of behaviors did cross-fostered mice develop?
ones that were consistent with their foster parents
48
in humans, what did twin studies allow researchers to compare?
the relative influences of genetics and environment on behavior
49
when white-footed mice fostered california mice what was the aggression toward the intruder?
reduced
50
when california mice fostered the white-footed mice what was the aggression toward the intruder?
no difference
51
when white-footed mice fostered the california mice what was the aggression in a neutral situation?
no difference
52
when california mice fostered the white-footed mice what was the aggression in a netural situation?
increased
53
when white-footed mice fostered the california mice what was the parental behavior?
reduced
54
when california mice fostered the white-footed mice what was the parental behavior?
no difference
55
the modification of behavior based on specific experiences
learning
56
what does research into learning seek to understand the contributions of?
BOTH nature and nurture in shaping learning
57
the establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object
imprinting
58
what does imprinting include?
learning and innate components and is generally ireversable
59
what is imprinting distinguished by other learning by?
a sensitive period
60
a limited developmental phase that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned
sensitive period
61
what is an example of imprinting?
young geese following their mother
62
what did Konrad Lorenz show when baby geese spent the first few hours of their life with him?
they imprinted him as their parent
63
what is the imprint stimulus in greylag geese?
a nearby object that is moving away from the young geese
64
why have conservation biologists taken advantage of imprinting in programs?
to save the whooping crane from extinction
65
what can young cranes imprint on humans and what can that lead to?
"crane suits" and can lead to crane migrations using ultralight aircraft
66
a more complex modificiation of behavior based on experience with the spatial structure of the environment
spatial learning
67
what did Niko Tinbergen show?
how differ wasps use landmarks to find nest entrances (spatial learning)
68
an internal representation of spatial relationships between objects in an animal's surrounding
cognitive maps
69
what is an example of a cognitive map?
Clark's nutcrackers can find food hidden in caches located halfway between particular landmarks (difference from learning)
70
when animals associate one feature of their environment with another
asscoiative learning
71
what is an example of associative learning?
a blue-jay will avoid eating monarchs and similar-looking butterflies after an experience with a distasteful monarch butterfly
72
a type of asscoiative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment
classical conditioning
73
what is an example of classical conditioning?
a dog that repeadately hears a bell before being fed will salivate in anticipation at the bell's sound
74
type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment
operant conditioning
75
what else is operant conditioning called?
trial-and-error learning
76
what is an example of operent conditioning learning?
a rat is fed after pushing a lever will learn to push the lever in order to receive food
77
is there some restriction to the type of associations that can be formed between environmental and behavior
yes
78
what is an example of there being some restriction to the type of associations that can be formed between environmental stimulus and behavior?
rats can learn to avoid illness-inducing foods on the basis of smells, but not on the basis of sights or sounds
79
a process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection and judgement
cognition
80
what is an example of cognition?
honeybees can distinguish "same" from "different"
81
the process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle
problem solving
82
what is are 2 examples of problem solving? (CR)
1) chimpanzees can stack boxes in order to reach suspended food
2) ravens obtained food suspended from a branch by a string by pulling up to the string
83
learning through the observation of others and forms the roots of culture
social learning
84
what are 2 examples of social learning? (2) (YY)
1) young chimpanzees learn to crack palm nuts with stones by copying other chimpanzees
2) young vervet monkeys learn from older monkeys to give and respond to distinct alarm calls for different predators
85
a system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population
culture
86
what can culture alter?
behavior and influence the fitness of individuals
87
what can explain diverse behaviors?
selection for individual survival and reproductive success
88
what does behavior enhance?
survival and reproductive success in a population
89
what does natural selection refine?
behaviors that enhance the efficiency of feeding
90
what does foraging or food-obtaining behavior include? (4) (RSCE)
1) recognizing
2) searching for
3) capturing
4) eating food items
91
in Drosophila, what does variation in a single gene dictate?
foraging behavior in larvae
92
what travels further than larvae with the other allele?
larvae with one allele
93
what do larvae in high-density population benefit from?
foraging farther for food
94
what do larvae in low-density population benefit from?
short-distance foraging
95
what does natural selection favoring different alleles depend on?
the density of the population
96
what was observed of two alleles over several generations under labratory?
evolutionary changes
97
views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food
optimal foraging model
98
what does the costs of obtaining food include? (2) (ER)
1) energy expendenture
| 2) risk of being eaten while foraging
99
what type of foraging behavior should natural selection favor?
one that minimizes the cost and maximizes the benefits
100
what is an example of risk of predation affecting foraging behavior?
mule deer are more likely to feed in open forests areas where they are less likely to be killed by mountain lions
101
what plays a major role in determining reproductive success?
mating behavior and mate choice
102
what does mating behavior include? (4) (SCCC)
1) seeking or attracting mates
2) choosing among potential mates
3) competing for mates
4) caring for offspring
103
what defines a number of distinct mating systems?
mating relationships
104
relationships that some species have with no strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships
promiscious relationship
105
relationships that some species have where one male mates with one female
monogamous relationship
106
what similarity do males and females with monogamous mating have?
external morphologies
107
relationships that some species have where an individual of one sex mates with several individuals of the other sex
polygamous
108
what are species with polygamous usually? (2) (SM)
1) sexually dimorphic
| 2) males and female have different external morphologies
109
types of polygamous relationships
1) polygenous
| 2) polyandrous
110
one male mates with many females
polygyny
111
what are the males usually in polygynous relationships?
more showy and larger than the females
112
one female mates with many males
polyandry
113
what are females usually in polyandrous relationships?
more showy than males
114
what is an important factor constraining evolution of mating systems?
needs of the young
115
how does a male bird maxamize his reproductive success when they need a continuous supply of food?
by staying with his mate and caring for his chicks (monogamy)
116
how does a male bird maxamize his reprdocutive success where chicks are soon able to feed and care for themselves?
by seeking additional mates (polygyny)
117
what does certainty of paternity influence?
parental care and mating behavior
118
what can females be certain about her young?
that eggs laid or young born contain her genes
119
what does paternity certainty depend on?
mating behavior
120
what type of species is paternal certainty relatviely low and why?
ones with internal fertizliation because mating and birth are separated over time
121
when is certainty of paternity much higher?
when egg laying and mating occur together, as in external fertizliation
122
when is parent care at least likely to be by males as by female
in species with external fertilization
123
what does sexual dimophism result from?
sexual section (form of natural selection)
124
members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traits
intersexual selection
125
involves competition between members of the same sex for mates
intrasexual selection
126
what type of sexual selection is female choice?
intersexual
127
how can females drive sexual selection?
by choosing males with specific behaviors or features of anatomy
128
what is an example of female driving sexual selection?
female stalk-eyed flies choose males with relatively long eyestalks
129
what do ornaments, such as long eyestalks often correlate with?
health and vitality
130
what are female chicks that impring on ornamented fathers more likely to select?
ornamented mates
131
what does experiments suggest that mate choice by female zebra finches played a key role in?
evolution of ornamentation in male zebra finches
132
a behavior in which individuals copy the mate choice other others (peer pressure)
mate-choice copying
133
what is an example of mate-choice copying?
in an experiment with guppies the choice of female models influenced the choice of other females
134
what is male competition for mates a source of and what can it reduce?
intrasexual selection that can reduce variation among males
135
what does intrasexual, male competition involve?
agnostic behavior
136
what is agnostic behavior in intrasexual competition often?
ritualized contest that determines which competitor gains access to the resource
137
in some species, what does sexual selection drive?
the evolution of alternative mating behavior and morpohology in males
138
what does the fitness of a particular phenotype (behavior or morphology) depend on?
the phenotypes of other individuals in the population
139
evalutates the alternative strategies where the outcome depends on each individuals's strategy and the strategy of other individuals
game theory
140
what is an example of a game theory?
each side-blotched lizard has a blue, orange or yellow throat
141
what is each color of the lizard's throat associated with?
a sepcific strategy for obtaining mates
142
what do orange-throated male lizards do?
the most aggressive and defend large territories
143
what do the blue-throated lizards do?
defend small territories
144
what do the yellow-throated lizards do?
nonterritorial, mimic females and usually use "sneaky" strategies to mate
145
like rock-paper scissors, what is each strategy of the game theory do?
outcompete one strategy but be outcompeted by the other strategy
146
what does the success of each strategy in the game theory depend on and what does it drive?
the frequency of all the strategies and it drives frequency-dependent selection
147
what does genetic analyses and the concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis for?
studying the evolution of behavior
148
what is animal behavior governed by?
complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors
149
what can selfless behavior be explained by?
inclusive fitness
150
what can control many behaviors?
a master regulatory gene
151
what is an example of a master regulatory gene controlling many behaviors?
a single gene controls many behaviors of the male fruit fly courtship ritual
152
what can variation in the activity or amount of gene product have a large effect on?
behavior
153
what is an example of variation having an effect on behavior?
male prarie voles pair-bond with their maters, wile male meadow voles do not
154
what does the level of a specific receptor for a neurotransmitter determine?
which behavioral pattern develops
155
when behavioral variation within a species corresponds to environmental variation, what may it be?
evidence of past evolution
156
what varies by population accordingto the case study: variation in prey selection?
the natural diet of western garter snakes
157
according to the case study: variation in prey selection, what do coastal populations and inland population feed on?
Coastal: mostly on abundant banana slugs
inland: NO banana slugs because they're rare in their habitat
158
according to the case study: variation in prey selection what what are the difference in diet?
genetic
159
according to the case study: variation in prey selection, what do the two population differ in?
their ability to detect and respond to specific odor molecules produced by the banana slugs
160
according to the case study: variation in migratory patterns where do most blackcaps (birds) that breed in Germany winter?
Africa, but some winter in Britain
161
according to case study: variation in migratory patterns, under lab conditions, what does each migratory population exhibit?
different migratory behaviors
162
according to the case study: variation in migratory patterns, what does migratory behaviors reflect?
genetic differences between population
163
what does natural selection favor?
behavior that maxamizes an indivual's survival and reproduction
164
what are behaviors that maxamize an individual's survival and reproduction usually?
selfish
165
on occasion when animals behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of others
altruism
166
what is an example of altruism?
under threat from a predator, an individual Belding's ground squirrel will make an alarm call to warn others, even though calling increases the chances of the called being killed
167
what is another example of altruism?
in naked mole rat populations, non reproductive individuals may sacrifice their lives protecting their reproductive queen and kings from predators
168
when does natural selection favor altruism?
when rB is greater than C rb>c
169
what is the inequality when rB is greater than C called?
Hamilton's rule
170
the natural selection that favors the kind of altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives
kin selection
171
what is an example of the relationship between kin selection and altruism??
the warning behavior in Belding's ground squirrels
172
what kin selection in a group of females what are they usually?
related to each other
173
who are most alarm calls given by?
females who are likely aiding close relatives
174
where do mole rats live and what are they?
within a colony and they're closely related
175
how do nonreproductive individuals increase their inclusive fitness by?
helping the reproductive queen and kings (their close relatives) to pass their genes to the next generation
176
altruistic behavior toward unrelated individuals can be adaptive if the aided individual returns the favor in the future
reciprocal altruism
177
what is reciprocal altruism limited to?
species with stable groups where individuals meet repatadly and cheaters (who don't reciprocate) are punished
178
what has reciprocal altruism been used to explain?
altruism between unrelated individuals in humans
179
in game theory what are the rules for a tit-for-tat strategy? (2) (II)
1) indivuals always cooperate on first encounter
| 2) an individual treats another the same way it was treated last time they met
180
whhen will individuals no treat another the same way it was treated lasttime?
if their oponent cheated them the last time they met
181
what does the tit-for-tat strategy explain?
how reciprocal altruism could have evolved
182
what do individuals who engage in a tit-for-tat strategy have?
a higher fitness than individuals who are always selfish
183
what do no other species come close to that occurs in humans?
matching the social learning and cultural transmission
184
what is human culture related to evolutionary theory in?
the distinct discipline of sociobiology
185
what does human behavior, like that of other species result from?
interaction between genes and environment
186
what may our social and cultural institutions provide?
the only feature in which there is no continuoum between humans and other animals
