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Biology 201 > Lecture Exam #4 Ch. 51 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #4 Ch. 51 Flashcards

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1
Q

what do fiddler crabs feed and wave with?

A

feed with their small claw and wave their large claw

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2
Q

why do male fiddler crabs engage in claw waving?

A

it’s used to repel other males and to attract females

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3
Q

an action carried out by the muscles under control of the nervous system

A

behavior

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4
Q

what is behavior subject to?

A

natural selection

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5
Q

what does discrete sensory inputs stimulate?

A

both simple and complex behaviors

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6
Q

what did Niko Tinbergen identify the four questions that should be asked about animal behavior were?

A

1) what stimulus elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
2) how does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?
3) how does the behavior ay?nd survival and reproduction?
4) what is the behavior’s evolutionary histor

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7
Q

the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for the animal behavior

A

behavioral ecology

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8
Q

what does behavioral ecology integrate?

A

proximate and ultimate explanations for animal behavior

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9
Q

what does proximate causation address?

A

“how” a behavior occurs or is modified, including Tinbergen’s questions 1 and 2

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10
Q

what does ultimate causation address?

A

“why” a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection, including Tinbergen’s questions 3 and 4

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11
Q

a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus

A

fixed action patterns

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12
Q

what are fixed actions patterns and what happens once initiated?

A

unchageable and once initiated usually carried to completion

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13
Q

an external cue that was triggered by a fixed action pattern

A

sign stimulus

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14
Q

in male stickleback fish, what is the stimulus for attack behavior?

A

the red underside of an intruder

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15
Q

when presented with unrealistic models what happens to the attack behavior?

A

it occurs as long as some red is present

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16
Q

what can environmental cue trigger?

A

a movement in a particular direction

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17
Q

a regular, long-distance change in location

A

migration

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18
Q

how do animals orient themselves? (3) (PPE)

A

1) the position of the sun and their circadian clock, an internal 24-hour clock that is an integral part of their nervous system
2) the position of the north star
3) earth’s magnetic field

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19
Q

what is some animal’s behavior affected by?

A

the animal’s circadian rhythm, a daily cycle of rest and activity

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20
Q

what are behaviors such as migration and reproduction linked to?

A

changing seasons, or a circannual (yearly) rhythm

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21
Q

what are common seasonal cues in behavioral rhythms?

A

daylight and darkness

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22
Q

what are some behaviors linked to and what does it affect?

A

lunar cycles, which affects tidal movements

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23
Q

in behavioral ecology, a behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior

A

signal

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24
Q

the transmission and reception of s ignals

A

communication

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25
Q

what signals do animals communicate with? (4) (VCTA)

A

1) visual
2) chemical
3) tactile
4) auditory

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26
Q

what does fruit fly courtship follow?

A

a three step stimulus-response chain

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27
Q

what is the first step of the three-step stimulus-response chain?

A

a male identifies a female of the same species and orients towards her

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28
Q

how does the male use chemical communication in the first step of stimulus-response chain?

A

he smells a female’s chemicals in the air to confirm her identity

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29
Q

how does the male use visual communication in the first step of the stimulus-response chain?

A

he sees the female and orients his body towards her

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30
Q

what is the second step of the three-step stimulus-response chain?

A

the male alerts the female to his presence

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31
Q

how does the male use tactile communication in the 2nd step of the stimulus-response chain?

A

he touches the female with a foreleg

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32
Q

what is the third step of the three-step stimulus-response chain?

A

the male produces a courtship song to inform the female of his species

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33
Q

how does the male use auditory communication in the 3rd step of the stimulus-response chain?

A

he extends and vibrates his wing

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34
Q

if all three steps of the stimulus-response chain are successful what happens?

A

the female will allow the male to copulate

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35
Q

what do honeybees show complex communication with?

A

symbolic language

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36
Q

what does a bee returning from the field do to communicate information about the distance and direction of food source?

A

performs a dance

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37
Q

what do many animals that communicate through odors emit?

A

chemical substances called pheromones

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38
Q

what is some examples of bees emitting pheromones? (3) (FHW)

A

1) a female moth can attract a male moth several kms away
2) a honeybee queen produces a pheromone that affects the development and behavior of female worker and male drones
3) when a minnow or catfish is injured, an alarm substance in the fish’s skin disperses in water inducing a fright response among fish in the area

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39
Q

what can pheromones be very effective at?

A

a very low concentration

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40
Q

what do nocturnal animals, such as terrestrial mammals depend on?

A

olfactory and auditory communication

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41
Q

what do diurnal animals, such as humans and most birds use?

A

visual and auditory communication

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42
Q

what does learning establish?

A

specific links between experience and behavior

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43
Q

a behavior that is developmentally fixed and does not vary among individuals. They are born with it. (knows how to eat)

A

innate behavior

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44
Q

what does cross-fostering studies help behavioral ecologists to identify?

A

the contribution of environment to an animal’s behavior

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45
Q

a study that places the young from one species in the care of adults from another species

A

cross-fostering study

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46
Q

what did studies of California mice and white-footed mice uncover?

A

an influence on social environment on aggressive and parental behaviors

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47
Q

what type of behaviors did cross-fostered mice develop?

A

ones that were consistent with their foster parents

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48
Q

in humans, what did twin studies allow researchers to compare?

A

the relative influences of genetics and environment on behavior

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49
Q

when white-footed mice fostered california mice what was the aggression toward the intruder?

A

reduced

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50
Q

when california mice fostered the white-footed mice what was the aggression toward the intruder?

A

no difference

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51
Q

when white-footed mice fostered the california mice what was the aggression in a neutral situation?

A

no difference

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52
Q

when california mice fostered the white-footed mice what was the aggression in a netural situation?

A

increased

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53
Q

when white-footed mice fostered the california mice what was the parental behavior?

A

reduced

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54
Q

when california mice fostered the white-footed mice what was the parental behavior?

A

no difference

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55
Q

the modification of behavior based on specific experiences

A

learning

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56
Q

what does research into learning seek to understand the contributions of?

A

BOTH nature and nurture in shaping learning

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57
Q

the establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object

A

imprinting

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58
Q

what does imprinting include?

A

learning and innate components and is generally ireversable

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59
Q

what is imprinting distinguished by other learning by?

A

a sensitive period

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60
Q

a limited developmental phase that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned

A

sensitive period

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61
Q

what is an example of imprinting?

A

young geese following their mother

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62
Q

what did Konrad Lorenz show when baby geese spent the first few hours of their life with him?

A

they imprinted him as their parent

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63
Q

what is the imprint stimulus in greylag geese?

A

a nearby object that is moving away from the young geese

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64
Q

why have conservation biologists taken advantage of imprinting in programs?

A

to save the whooping crane from extinction

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65
Q

what can young cranes imprint on humans and what can that lead to?

A

“crane suits” and can lead to crane migrations using ultralight aircraft

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66
Q

a more complex modificiation of behavior based on experience with the spatial structure of the environment

A

spatial learning

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67
Q

what did Niko Tinbergen show?

A

how differ wasps use landmarks to find nest entrances (spatial learning)

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68
Q

an internal representation of spatial relationships between objects in an animal’s surrounding

A

cognitive maps

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69
Q

what is an example of a cognitive map?

A

Clark’s nutcrackers can find food hidden in caches located halfway between particular landmarks (difference from learning)

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70
Q

when animals associate one feature of their environment with another

A

asscoiative learning

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71
Q

what is an example of associative learning?

A

a blue-jay will avoid eating monarchs and similar-looking butterflies after an experience with a distasteful monarch butterfly

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72
Q

a type of asscoiative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment

A

classical conditioning

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73
Q

what is an example of classical conditioning?

A

a dog that repeadately hears a bell before being fed will salivate in anticipation at the bell’s sound

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74
Q

type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment

A

operant conditioning

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75
Q

what else is operant conditioning called?

A

trial-and-error learning

76
Q

what is an example of operent conditioning learning?

A

a rat is fed after pushing a lever will learn to push the lever in order to receive food

77
Q

is there some restriction to the type of associations that can be formed between environmental and behavior

A

yes

78
Q

what is an example of there being some restriction to the type of associations that can be formed between environmental stimulus and behavior?

A

rats can learn to avoid illness-inducing foods on the basis of smells, but not on the basis of sights or sounds

79
Q

a process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection and judgement

A

cognition

80
Q

what is an example of cognition?

A

honeybees can distinguish “same” from “different”

81
Q

the process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle

A

problem solving

82
Q

what is are 2 examples of problem solving? (CR)

A

1) chimpanzees can stack boxes in order to reach suspended food
2) ravens obtained food suspended from a branch by a string by pulling up to the string

83
Q

learning through the observation of others and forms the roots of culture

A

social learning

84
Q

what are 2 examples of social learning? (2) (YY)

A

1) young chimpanzees learn to crack palm nuts with stones by copying other chimpanzees
2) young vervet monkeys learn from older monkeys to give and respond to distinct alarm calls for different predators

85
Q

a system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population

A

culture

86
Q

what can culture alter?

A

behavior and influence the fitness of individuals

87
Q

what can explain diverse behaviors?

A

selection for individual survival and reproductive success

88
Q

what does behavior enhance?

A

survival and reproductive success in a population

89
Q

what does natural selection refine?

A

behaviors that enhance the efficiency of feeding

90
Q

what does foraging or food-obtaining behavior include? (4) (RSCE)

A

1) recognizing
2) searching for
3) capturing
4) eating food items

91
Q

in Drosophila, what does variation in a single gene dictate?

A

foraging behavior in larvae

92
Q

what travels further than larvae with the other allele?

A

larvae with one allele

93
Q

what do larvae in high-density population benefit from?

A

foraging farther for food

94
Q

what do larvae in low-density population benefit from?

A

short-distance foraging

95
Q

what does natural selection favoring different alleles depend on?

A

the density of the population

96
Q

what was observed of two alleles over several generations under labratory?

A

evolutionary changes

97
Q

views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food

A

optimal foraging model

98
Q

what does the costs of obtaining food include? (2) (ER)

A

1) energy expendenture

2) risk of being eaten while foraging

99
Q

what type of foraging behavior should natural selection favor?

A

one that minimizes the cost and maximizes the benefits

100
Q

what is an example of risk of predation affecting foraging behavior?

A

mule deer are more likely to feed in open forests areas where they are less likely to be killed by mountain lions

101
Q

what plays a major role in determining reproductive success?

A

mating behavior and mate choice

102
Q

what does mating behavior include? (4) (SCCC)

A

1) seeking or attracting mates
2) choosing among potential mates
3) competing for mates
4) caring for offspring

103
Q

what defines a number of distinct mating systems?

A

mating relationships

104
Q

relationships that some species have with no strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships

A

promiscious relationship

105
Q

relationships that some species have where one male mates with one female

A

monogamous relationship

106
Q

what similarity do males and females with monogamous mating have?

A

external morphologies

107
Q

relationships that some species have where an individual of one sex mates with several individuals of the other sex

A

polygamous

108
Q

what are species with polygamous usually? (2) (SM)

A

1) sexually dimorphic

2) males and female have different external morphologies

109
Q

types of polygamous relationships

A

1) polygenous

2) polyandrous

110
Q

one male mates with many females

A

polygyny

111
Q

what are the males usually in polygynous relationships?

A

more showy and larger than the females

112
Q

one female mates with many males

A

polyandry

113
Q

what are females usually in polyandrous relationships?

A

more showy than males

114
Q

what is an important factor constraining evolution of mating systems?

A

needs of the young

115
Q

how does a male bird maxamize his reproductive success when they need a continuous supply of food?

A

by staying with his mate and caring for his chicks (monogamy)

116
Q

how does a male bird maxamize his reprdocutive success where chicks are soon able to feed and care for themselves?

A

by seeking additional mates (polygyny)

117
Q

what does certainty of paternity influence?

A

parental care and mating behavior

118
Q

what can females be certain about her young?

A

that eggs laid or young born contain her genes

119
Q

what does paternity certainty depend on?

A

mating behavior

120
Q

what type of species is paternal certainty relatviely low and why?

A

ones with internal fertizliation because mating and birth are separated over time

121
Q

when is certainty of paternity much higher?

A

when egg laying and mating occur together, as in external fertizliation

122
Q

when is parent care at least likely to be by males as by female

A

in species with external fertilization

123
Q

what does sexual dimophism result from?

A

sexual section (form of natural selection)

124
Q

members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traits

A

intersexual selection

125
Q

involves competition between members of the same sex for mates

A

intrasexual selection

126
Q

what type of sexual selection is female choice?

A

intersexual

127
Q

how can females drive sexual selection?

A

by choosing males with specific behaviors or features of anatomy

128
Q

what is an example of female driving sexual selection?

A

female stalk-eyed flies choose males with relatively long eyestalks

129
Q

what do ornaments, such as long eyestalks often correlate with?

A

health and vitality

130
Q

what are female chicks that impring on ornamented fathers more likely to select?

A

ornamented mates

131
Q

what does experiments suggest that mate choice by female zebra finches played a key role in?

A

evolution of ornamentation in male zebra finches

132
Q

a behavior in which individuals copy the mate choice other others (peer pressure)

A

mate-choice copying

133
Q

what is an example of mate-choice copying?

A

in an experiment with guppies the choice of female models influenced the choice of other females

134
Q

what is male competition for mates a source of and what can it reduce?

A

intrasexual selection that can reduce variation among males

135
Q

what does intrasexual, male competition involve?

A

agnostic behavior

136
Q

what is agnostic behavior in intrasexual competition often?

A

ritualized contest that determines which competitor gains access to the resource

137
Q

in some species, what does sexual selection drive?

A

the evolution of alternative mating behavior and morpohology in males

138
Q

what does the fitness of a particular phenotype (behavior or morphology) depend on?

A

the phenotypes of other individuals in the population

139
Q

evalutates the alternative strategies where the outcome depends on each individuals’s strategy and the strategy of other individuals

A

game theory

140
Q

what is an example of a game theory?

A

each side-blotched lizard has a blue, orange or yellow throat

141
Q

what is each color of the lizard’s throat associated with?

A

a sepcific strategy for obtaining mates

142
Q

what do orange-throated male lizards do?

A

the most aggressive and defend large territories

143
Q

what do the blue-throated lizards do?

A

defend small territories

144
Q

what do the yellow-throated lizards do?

A

nonterritorial, mimic females and usually use “sneaky” strategies to mate

145
Q

like rock-paper scissors, what is each strategy of the game theory do?

A

outcompete one strategy but be outcompeted by the other strategy

146
Q

what does the success of each strategy in the game theory depend on and what does it drive?

A

the frequency of all the strategies and it drives frequency-dependent selection

147
Q

what does genetic analyses and the concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis for?

A

studying the evolution of behavior

148
Q

what is animal behavior governed by?

A

complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors

149
Q

what can selfless behavior be explained by?

A

inclusive fitness

150
Q

what can control many behaviors?

A

a master regulatory gene

151
Q

what is an example of a master regulatory gene controlling many behaviors?

A

a single gene controls many behaviors of the male fruit fly courtship ritual

152
Q

what can variation in the activity or amount of gene product have a large effect on?

A

behavior

153
Q

what is an example of variation having an effect on behavior?

A

male prarie voles pair-bond with their maters, wile male meadow voles do not

154
Q

what does the level of a specific receptor for a neurotransmitter determine?

A

which behavioral pattern develops

155
Q

when behavioral variation within a species corresponds to environmental variation, what may it be?

A

evidence of past evolution

156
Q

what varies by population accordingto the case study: variation in prey selection?

A

the natural diet of western garter snakes

157
Q

according to the case study: variation in prey selection, what do coastal populations and inland population feed on?

A

Coastal: mostly on abundant banana slugs
inland: NO banana slugs because they’re rare in their habitat

158
Q

according to the case study: variation in prey selection what what are the difference in diet?

A

genetic

159
Q

according to the case study: variation in prey selection, what do the two population differ in?

A

their ability to detect and respond to specific odor molecules produced by the banana slugs

160
Q

according to the case study: variation in migratory patterns where do most blackcaps (birds) that breed in Germany winter?

A

Africa, but some winter in Britain

161
Q

according to case study: variation in migratory patterns, under lab conditions, what does each migratory population exhibit?

A

different migratory behaviors

162
Q

according to the case study: variation in migratory patterns, what does migratory behaviors reflect?

A

genetic differences between population

163
Q

what does natural selection favor?

A

behavior that maxamizes an indivual’s survival and reproduction

164
Q

what are behaviors that maxamize an individual’s survival and reproduction usually?

A

selfish

165
Q

on occasion when animals behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of others

A

altruism

166
Q

what is an example of altruism?

A

under threat from a predator, an individual Belding’s ground squirrel will make an alarm call to warn others, even though calling increases the chances of the called being killed

167
Q

what is another example of altruism?

A

in naked mole rat populations, non reproductive individuals may sacrifice their lives protecting their reproductive queen and kings from predators

168
Q

when does natural selection favor altruism?

A

when rB is greater than C rb>c

169
Q

what is the inequality when rB is greater than C called?

A

Hamilton’s rule

170
Q

the natural selection that favors the kind of altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives

A

kin selection

171
Q

what is an example of the relationship between kin selection and altruism??

A

the warning behavior in Belding’s ground squirrels

172
Q

what kin selection in a group of females what are they usually?

A

related to each other

173
Q

who are most alarm calls given by?

A

females who are likely aiding close relatives

174
Q

where do mole rats live and what are they?

A

within a colony and they’re closely related

175
Q

how do nonreproductive individuals increase their inclusive fitness by?

A

helping the reproductive queen and kings (their close relatives) to pass their genes to the next generation

176
Q

altruistic behavior toward unrelated individuals can be adaptive if the aided individual returns the favor in the future

A

reciprocal altruism

177
Q

what is reciprocal altruism limited to?

A

species with stable groups where individuals meet repatadly and cheaters (who don’t reciprocate) are punished

178
Q

what has reciprocal altruism been used to explain?

A

altruism between unrelated individuals in humans

179
Q

in game theory what are the rules for a tit-for-tat strategy? (2) (II)

A

1) indivuals always cooperate on first encounter

2) an individual treats another the same way it was treated last time they met

180
Q

whhen will individuals no treat another the same way it was treated lasttime?

A

if their oponent cheated them the last time they met

181
Q

what does the tit-for-tat strategy explain?

A

how reciprocal altruism could have evolved

182
Q

what do individuals who engage in a tit-for-tat strategy have?

A

a higher fitness than individuals who are always selfish

183
Q

what do no other species come close to that occurs in humans?

A

matching the social learning and cultural transmission

184
Q

what is human culture related to evolutionary theory in?

A

the distinct discipline of sociobiology

185
Q

what does human behavior, like that of other species result from?

A

interaction between genes and environment

186
Q

what may our social and cultural institutions provide?

A

the only feature in which there is no continuoum between humans and other animals

Biology 201 (18 decks)

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