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Biology 201 > LAB Midterm Part 1 > Flashcards

LAB Midterm Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

process where food is taken in, taken apart and taken up

A

animal nutrition

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2
Q

3 categories of animals

A

1) herbivores (eats manly plants and algae)
2) carnivores (eats other animals)
3) omnivores (regurarly consumes animals as well as plants and algae)

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3
Q

what type of feeders are more animals?

A

opportunistic

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4
Q

what are 3 things an animal diet must provide? (COE)

A

1) chemical energy (for cellular processes)
2) organic building blocks (for macromolecules)
3) essential nutrients

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5
Q

materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules that must be obtained from an animal’s diet

A

essential nutrients

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6
Q

four classes of essential nutrients (EEVM)

A

1) essential amino acids
2) essential fatty acids
3) vitamins
4) minerals

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7
Q

how many amino acids do animals require?

A

20

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8
Q

what can animals do with amino acids?

A

synthesize about half from molecules in their diet

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9
Q

the remaining amino acids which must be obtained from food in preassembled form

A

essential amino acids

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10
Q

examples of food that provide all the essential amino acid and are “complete proteins”

A

1) meat
2) eggs
3) cheese

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11
Q

what are most plants amino acid’s composition?

A

incomplete

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12
Q

what do individuals who eat only plant proteins need to eat to get all the essential amino acids?

A

specific plant combinations

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13
Q

what do some animals have that help them through periods when their bodies demand extraordinary amounts of protein?

A

adaptations

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14
Q

can animals synthesize most of the fatty acids they need?

A

yes

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15
Q

where must most essential fatty acids be obtained from and what do they include?

A

from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids

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16
Q

fatty acids with one ore more double bonds

A

non saturated fat

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17
Q

are deficiencies in fatty acids rare or common?

A

rare

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18
Q

organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts

A

vitamins

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19
Q

how many vitamins are essential for humans?

A

13

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20
Q

2 categories that vitamins are grouped into

A

1) fat-soluble

2) water-soluble

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21
Q

simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts

A

minerals

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22
Q

what can ingesting large amounts of some minerals upset?

A

homeostatic balance

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23
Q

failure to obtain adequate nutrition

A

malnutrition

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24
Q

what can have negative impact on on health and survival?

A

malnutrition

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25
Q

what can deficiencies in essential nutrients cause?

A

deformities, disease and death

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26
Q

how can cattle, deer and other herbivores prevent phosphourus deficiency?

A

by consuming concentrated sources of salt or other minerals

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27
Q

an engineered strain of rice with beta-carotene

A

“Golden Rice”

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28
Q

what is “golden rice” converted to in the body?

A

vitamin A

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29
Q

results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy

A

undernutrition

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30
Q

characteristics of an undernourished invidivual (5) (UBLSD)

A

1) use up stored fat and carbohydrates
2) break down its own proteins
3) Lose muscle mass
4) suffer protein deficincy of the brain
5) die or suffer irreversible damage

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31
Q

what have many insights into human nutrition come from?

A

epidemiology

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32
Q

the study of human health and disease in populations

A

epidemiology

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33
Q

what were found to be the result of a deficiency in folic acid in pregnant mothers?

A

neural tube

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34
Q

order of digestion

A

1) ingestion
2) digestion
3) absorption
4) elimination

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35
Q

the act of eating or feeding

A

ingestion

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36
Q

4 types of feeders (4) (SSFB)

A

1) suspension feeders
2) substrate feeders
3) fluid feeders
4) Bulk feeders

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37
Q

many aquatic animals, which sift small food particles from the water (Baleen)

A

suspension feeders

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38
Q

animals that live in or on their food source (catepillar)

A

substrate feeders

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39
Q

suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host (leech, hummingbird, mosquito)

A

fluid feeders

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40
Q

eats relatively large pieces of food (humans)

A

bulk feeders

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41
Q

the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

A

digestion

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42
Q

digestion where chewing increases the surface area of food (movement)

A

mechanical digestion

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43
Q

splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes; these are used to build larger molecules

A

chemical digestion

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44
Q

in chemical digestion, what splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water?

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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45
Q

uptake of nutrients by body cells

A

absorption

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46
Q

the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

A

elimination

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47
Q

what do most animals process food in?

A

specialized compartments

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48
Q

what do the specialized compartments in animals reduce the risk of?

A

digesting its own cells and tissues

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49
Q

food particles are engulfed by phagocytes

A

intracellular digestion

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50
Q

containing food, fuses with lysosomes, containing hydrolic enzymes

A

food vacuoles

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51
Q

how do a few animals such as sponges digest their food?

A

with intracellular digestion

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52
Q

the breakdown of food particles outside the cell. (more common)

A

extracellular digestion

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53
Q

where does extracellular digestion occur?

A

in compartments that are continous with the outside of the animal’s body

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54
Q

what do animals have with simple body plans that function in both digestion and distribution of nutrients?

A

gastrovascular cavity

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55
Q

how many openings do more complex animals have?

A

two, a mouth and an anus

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56
Q

the digestive tube

A

digestive tract or alimentary canal

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57
Q

what does the digestive tract have that carries out digestion and absorption in a stepwise fashion?

A

specialized regions

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58
Q

what does the mammalian digestive system consist of that secrete juices through ducts

A

alimentary canal and accesory glands

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59
Q

what do the mammalian accesory glands include? (4) (SPLG)

A

1) salivary glands
2) pancreas
3) liver
4) gallbladder

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60
Q

the way food is pushed along consisting of rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal

A

peristalsis

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61
Q

valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments

A

sphincters

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62
Q

what is the first stage of digestion and where does it take place?

A

mechanical, in the oral cavity

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63
Q

delivers saliva to lubricate food

A

salivary glands

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64
Q

when the teeth chew the food into smaller particles what is it exposed to which initiates breakdown of glucose polymers?

A

salivary amylase

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65
Q

what else does saliva contain which is a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells and glycoproteins?

A

mucus

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66
Q

what does the tongue shape food into that provides help with swallowing?

A

a bolus

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67
Q

the junction that opens to the espophagus and the trachea

A

throat or pharynx

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68
Q

connects the stomach

A

espophagus

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69
Q

leads to the lung

A

trachea (windpipe)

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70
Q

where does the espophagus conduct good from and down to and how?

A

from the pharynx to the stomach by peristalsis

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71
Q

what does swallowing cause the epiglottis to block entry to?

A

the trachea

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72
Q

what is the bolus guided by?

A

the larynx (upper part of respiratory tract)

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73
Q

when does coughing occur?

A

when swallowing reflex fails and food or liquids reach the windpipe

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74
Q

stores food and begins digestion of proteins

A

stomach

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75
Q

what does the stomach secrete?

A

gastric juice

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76
Q

what does gastric juice convert a meal to?

A

chyme

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77
Q

what type of digestion is occuring in the stomach?

A

both chemical and mechanical

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78
Q

About what is Gastric juice’s pH?

A

very low, about 2

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79
Q

what is the benefit of gastric juice’s pH being low?

A

kills bacteria and denatures proteins

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80
Q

what is gastric juices made up of?

A

hydrochloric acid (HCI) and pepsin

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81
Q

a protease, or protein-digesting enzymes that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides

A

pepsin

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82
Q

secretes hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen (cavity) of the stomach

A

parietal cells

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83
Q

secretes inactive pepsinogen which is activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach

A

chief cells

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84
Q

what does mucus protect the stomach lining from?

A

gastric juice

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85
Q

lesions in the lining

A

gastric ulcers

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86
Q

what are gastric ulcers caused mainly by?

A

the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori (H Pylori)

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87
Q

what churns the stomach’s contents?

A

coordinated contraction and relaxation of the stomach muscle

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88
Q

what do sphincters prevent chyme from entering and what does it regulate its entry into?

A

the espophagus and regulate its entry into the small intenstine

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89
Q

longest compartment of the alimentary canal

A

small intestine

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90
Q

where does most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occur?

A

in the small intestine

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91
Q

produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin that are activated in the lumen of the duodenum

A

pancreas

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92
Q

what is the solution of the pancreas and what does it neutralize

A

alkaline solution and neutralizes the acidic chyme

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93
Q

what aids digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine?

A

bile

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94
Q

where is bile made and where is it stored?

A

it is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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95
Q

what does bile destroy?

A

non functional red blood cells

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96
Q

when is enzymatic digestion complete?

A

as peristalsis moves the chyme and digestive juices along the small intenstine

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97
Q

where does most digestion take place?

A

the duodenum

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98
Q

what do the jejunum and ileum function mainly in?

A

absorption of nutrients

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99
Q

what type of surface area does the small intestine have and why?

A

a huge one because villi and microvilli are exposed to the intestinal lumen

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100
Q

what does the enormous microvillar surface create a brush border for?

A

to greatly increase the rate of nutrient absorption

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101
Q

what type of transport across the epithelial cells occur and what does it depend on?

A

passive or active depending on the nutrient

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102
Q

carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart

A

hepatic portal vein

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103
Q

functions of the liver (3) (RID)

A

1) regulate nutrient distribution
2) interconverts many organic molecules
3) detoxifies many organic molecules

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104
Q

where is the colon in the large intenstine connected to?

A

the small intestine

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105
Q

aids the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intentstine meet

A

cecum

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106
Q

the human cecum that has an extension which plays a minor role in immunity

A

appendix

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107
Q

what does the colon complete?

A

the reabsorption of water that began in the small intenstine

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108
Q

what do feces including undigested material and bacteria become?

A

more solid as they move through the colon

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109
Q

where are feces stored until they can be eliminated through the anus?

A

the rectum

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110
Q

what control bowel movementns?

A

two sphincters between the rectum and anus

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111
Q

an animals assortment of teeth (an example of structural variation reflecting diet)

A

denition

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112
Q

what is the success of mammals due in part to?

A

dentition which is specialized for different diets

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113
Q

what do nonmammalian verterbrates have less of?

A

specialized teeth, though exceptions exist

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114
Q

what type of stomachs do many carnivores have?

A

large, expendable

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115
Q

what type of alimentary canals do herbivores and omnivores have and what does it reflect?

A

longer alimentary canals and it reflects the longer time needed to digrest vegitiation

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116
Q

the coexistence of humans and many bacteria

A

mutualistic symbiosis

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117
Q

characteristics of some intestinal bacteria (2)

A

1) produce vitamins

2) regulates the development of the intestinal epithelium and the function of the innate immune system

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118
Q

using a DNA sequencing approach based on the polymerase chain reaction, what have scientists found?

A

more than 400 bacterial species in the human digestive tract

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119
Q

what are the processes that enable an animal to obtain nutrients matched to?

A

the ogranism’s circumstances and need for energy

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120
Q

what part of the nervous system helps regulate the digestive process?

A

the enteric divison

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121
Q

how does the endocrine system regulate digestion?

A

through the release and transport of hormones

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122
Q

what does the body store that are not needed right away for metabolism?

A

energy-rich molecules

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123
Q

in humans where is energy stored?

A

first in the liver and muscle cells in the polymer glycogen

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124
Q

where is excess energy stored?

A

in fat in adipose cells

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125
Q

when fewer calories are taken in that expected what does the human body do?

A

expands liver glycogen first, then muscle glycogen and fat

126
Q

what is a major fuel for cellular respiration and a key source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis

A

glucose

127
Q

what hormones regulate the breakdown of glycogen and glucose?

A

insulin and glucagon

128
Q

what is the liver a site for?

A

glucose homeostasis

129
Q

what does a carbohydrate-rich meal do to insulin levels and what does that trigger?

A

raises them and triggers the synthesis of glycogen

130
Q

what does low blood sugar cause glucagon to stimulate the breakdown of?

A

glycogen and release glucose

131
Q

what does insulin act on?

A

nearly all body cells to stimulate glucose uptake from food

132
Q

what cells are an exception to stimulating glucose?

A

brain cells because they can take up glucose whether or not insulin is present

133
Q

where is glucagon and insulin both produced?

A

in the islets of the pancreas

134
Q

a disease caused by the dificiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target issues

A

diabetes mellitus

135
Q

when one has diebetes mellitus what are cells unable to take up enough of?

A

glucose to meet metabolic needs

136
Q

when one has diabetes mellitus what may the level of glucose in blood exceed?

A

the capacity of the kidneys to reabsorb it

137
Q

what is one test for diabetes?

A

sugar in urine

138
Q

an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas. usually appears during childhood.

A

Type 1 diabetes

139
Q

characterized by failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin

A

type 2 diabetes

140
Q

what significantly increases the risk of type 2 diabetes?

A

excess body weight and lack of exercise

141
Q

when does type 2 diabetes generally appear?

A

generally after age 40, but may develop earlier in younger people who are sedentary.

142
Q

what does overnourishment cause and what does it result from?

A

causes obesity and resulted from excess intake of food energy with the excess stored fat

143
Q

what does obesity contribute towards? (4) (TCHS)

A

1) type 2 diabetes
2) cancer of colon and breasts
3) heart attacks
4) strokes

144
Q

what do hormones reulate long-term and short-term appetite by?

A

affecting a ‘satiety center’ in the brain

145
Q

a hormone secreted by the stomach wall, triggers feelings of hunger before meals

A

ghrelin

146
Q

a hormone secreted by the small intenstine after meals, both suppress apetite

A

insuline and PPY

147
Q

produced by adipose (fat) tissue, also suppresses apetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels

A

leptin

148
Q

what must every organism exchange material with?

A

its environment

149
Q

at what level do exchanges ultimately occur and how?

A

at the cellular level by crossing the plasma membrane

150
Q

where do exchanges occur in unicellular organisms?

A

directly with the environment

151
Q

what is NOT possible for most cells of multicellular organisms?

A

direct exchange with the environment

152
Q

what is an example of specialized exchange system in animals?

A

gills

153
Q

how do gills work?

A

1) O2 diffuses from the water in the blood vessels

2) CO2 diffuses from blood into the water

154
Q

what is functionally related in most animals?

A

internal transport and gas exchange.`

155
Q

the way small molecules can move between cells and their surroundings

A

diffusion

156
Q

how is diffusion only efficient and why?

A

over small surfaces because the time it takes to diffuse is proportional to the square of the distance

157
Q

what is an example of how we don’t diffuse over large areas?

A

we can’t diffuse oxygen from lungs to feet

158
Q

in small or thing animals what can cells exchange materials directly with?

A

the surrounding medium

159
Q

in most animals how does cells exchange materials with the environment?

A

via fluid-filled circulartory system

160
Q

do all animals have a ciruclatory system?

A

no

161
Q

functions in both digestion and distribution of substances throughout the body

A

gastrovascular cavity

162
Q

how many cells thick is the wall that encloses the gastrovascular cavity?

A

2

163
Q

what type of body do flatworms have?

A

a gastrovasular cavity and a flat body that minimizes diffusion

164
Q

characteristics of a circulatory system (CSM)

A

1) a circulatory fluid
2) a set of interconnecting vessels
3) a muscular pump, the heart

165
Q

what does the circulatory system connect the fluid that surrounds the cells with?

A

the organs that exchange gases, absorb nutrients and dispose wastes

166
Q

what can a circulatory sytem be and vary in?

A

open or close and vary in the number of circuits in the body

167
Q

circulatory fluid that bathes the organs directly founds in insects, other anthropod and some molluscs

A

hemolymph

168
Q

what type of circulatory system do insects, other anthropods and some molluscs have?

A

an open one

169
Q

what type of circulatory sytem do annelids, cephalopods and verterbrates have?

A

closed

170
Q

closed circulatory system found in humans and other veterbrates

A

cardiovascular system

171
Q

3 main blood vessels of the cardiovascular system

A

1) arteries
2) veins
3) capillaries

172
Q

what is blood flow in the blood vessels of a vertebrate circulatory system?

A

one way

173
Q

where do arteries branch into and what do they do?

A

they branch into arterioles and carry blood AWAY from the heart to capillaries

174
Q

network of capillaries, sites of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

A

capillary beds

175
Q

what do venules converge into and what do they do?

A

they converge into veins and return blood from capillaries to the heart (back to heart)

176
Q

how are arteries and veins distinguished and how are they not?

A

by the direction of blood and NOT by the O2 content.

177
Q

how many chambers do vertebrate hearts contain?

A

2 or more

178
Q

where does blood enter through and where is it pumped out through?

A

enter through an atrium and pumped out through a ventricle

179
Q

what type of circulation do bony fishes, rays and sharks have?

A

single circulation with a two-chambered heart

180
Q

when blood leaving the heart passes through two capillary bed before returning

A

single circulation

181
Q

what type of circulation do amphibians, reptiles and mammals have?

A

double

182
Q

how are oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood pump?

A

separtly from the right and left sides of the heart

183
Q

the place where in reptiles and mammals, oxygen-poor blood flows through to pick up oxygen through the lungs

A

pulmonary circuit

184
Q

the place where in amphibians, oxygen-poor blood flows through to pick up oxygen through the lungs and skin

A

pulmocutaneous circuit

185
Q

the place where oxygen-rich blood delivers oxygen through

A

system circuit

186
Q

what does double circulation maintain more than single circulation?

A

higher blood pressure in the organs

187
Q

what type of heart do mammals and birds have?

A

a four-chambered heart with 2 atria and 2 ventricles

188
Q

what does the left side of the heart pump and receive?

A

oxygen-rich blood (from lungs)

189
Q

what does the right side of the heart receive and pump?

A

oxygen-poor blood (to lungs)

190
Q

where does blood begin its flow with and where does it go?

A

with the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries

191
Q

what does the blood do in the lungs?

A

loads O2 and unloads CO2

192
Q

where does oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enter te heart?

A

at the left atrium via the pulmonary veins

193
Q

how is the blood pumped to the aorta to goto the rest of the body tissues?

A

by the left ventricle

194
Q

what provides blood to the heart through the coronary arteries?

A

the aorta (biggest artery)

195
Q

what does blood return to the heart through?

A

the superior vena cava (blood from head neck, and forelimbs) and inferior vena cava (blood from trunk and hind limbs)

196
Q

where do the superior and inferior vena cava flow into?

A

the right atrium

197
Q

what type of walls do the two atria have in a mammalian heart and why?

A

thin walls to serve as collection chambers for blood returning to the heart

198
Q

what type of walls do ventricles have in mammalian heart and why?

A

thicker walls to contract much more forcefully

199
Q

the heart contracats and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle

A

cardiac cycle

200
Q

the contraction, or pumping, phase

A

systole

201
Q

the relaxation, or filling, phase

A

diastole

202
Q

the pulse, the number of beat per minute in the heart

A

heart rate

203
Q

the volume of blood pumped in a single contraction

A

stroke volume

204
Q

the volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute and depends on both the heart rate and stroke volume

A

cardiac output

205
Q

what do the four valves of the heart prevent?

A

backflow

206
Q

separate each atrium and ventricle

A

atrioventricular (AV) valves

207
Q

control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery

A

semilunar valves

208
Q

what is the “lub-dup” sound of the heart beat caused by?

A

the recoil of blood against the AV valves (lub) then against the semilunar (dub) valves

209
Q

backflow of blood through a defective valve

A

heart murmur

210
Q

what type of sound does a heart murmur make?

A

a wooshy sound

211
Q

what valves allow blood to enter the ventricles but keep blood from flowing back into the atria during a ventricular contraction

A

the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve

212
Q

what valves allow blood to flow out of the heart during ventricular contraction but prevent blood from flowing back in during relaxation

A

the aortic and pulmonary valves

213
Q

what are some cardiac muscles and what does that mean?

A

aautorhythmic, they contract without any signal from the nervous system

214
Q

what does the SA node or pacemaker set?

A

the rate and timing at which cardiac muscles contract

215
Q

recorded impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle

A

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

216
Q

where do impulses from the SA node travel to?

A

the atrioventricular (AV) node

217
Q

what happens at the AV node?

A

impulses are delayed and travel to the purkinje fibers that make ventricles contract

218
Q

what two portions of the nervous system is the pacemaker regulated by?

A

the sympathetic and parasympathetic

219
Q

what does the sympathetic division do the pacemaker

A

speeds it up

220
Q

what does the parasympathetic division do the pacemaker

A

slows it down

221
Q

what else is the pacemaker regulated by?

A

hormones and temp

222
Q

a vessel’s cavity

A

central lumen

223
Q

the epithelial layer that lines blood vessels which is smooth and minimizes resistence

A

endothelium

224
Q

how big are capillaries compared to a red blood cell?

A

slightly wider

225
Q

why do arteries have thicker walls than veins?

A

to acomodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart

226
Q

in thinner-walled veins, why does blood flow back to the heart?

A

as a result of muscle action

227
Q

where is velocity of blood flow slowest and why?

A

in the capillary beds as a result of the high resistance and large total cross-sectional area

228
Q

why is blood flow in capillaries necessarily slow?

A

to exchange materials

229
Q

in regards to pressure how does blood flow?

A

from higher to areas of lower

230
Q

the pressure that blood exerts in all directions, including against the walls of blood vessels

A

blood pressure

231
Q

what plays a roll in in maintaining blood pressure

A

the recoil of elastic arterial walls

232
Q

the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole; highest pressure in the arteries

A

systolic pressure

233
Q

the pressure in the arteries during diastole

A

diastolic pressure

234
Q

the rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat

A

pulse

235
Q

what regulates arterial blood pressure and how?

A

homeostatic mechanisms by altering the diameter of arterioles

236
Q

the contaction of smooth muscle in arterial walls; increases pressure

A

vasoconstriction

237
Q

the relaxation of smooth muscles in the artieroles; causes pressure to fall

A

vasodialiation

238
Q

how is blood pressure generally for an artery in the arm?

A

at the same height as the heart

239
Q

what is a normal blood pressure for healthy 20-year old human at rest?

A

120mm Hg at systole and 70mm Hg at diastole

240
Q

what has a significant effect on blood pressure?

A

gravity

241
Q

what is fainting caused by?

A

inadequate blood flow to the head

242
Q

what type of blood pressure do animals with very long necks have and why ?

A

very high systolic pressure to pup blood a great distance against gravity

243
Q

how is blood moved through veins?

A

by smooth muscle contraction, skeletal muscle contraction, and expansion of the vena cava with inhalation

244
Q

what prevents backflow of blood?

A

one-way valves in veins

245
Q

how much of the body’s capillaries at any given time does blood flow through?

A

only 5-10%

246
Q

how much are capillaries in major organs usually filled?

A

to capacity

247
Q

two mechanisms that regulate distribution of blood in capillary beds (2) (CP)

A

1) constriction or dilation of arterioles that supply capillary beds
2) pre capillary sphincters that control flow of blood between arterioles and venules

248
Q

how is blood flow regulated by?

A

nerve impusles, hormones and other chemicals

249
Q

where does the exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid take place?

A

across the thin endothelial walls of the capillaries

250
Q

what does the difference between blood pressure and osmotic pressure drive fluids out of capillaries at?

A

the arteriole end and into capillaries at the venule end

251
Q

what are most blood protein and all blood cells?

A

too large to pass through the endothelium

252
Q

returns fluid that leaks out from the capillary beds

A

lymphatic system

253
Q

fluid lost by capillaries

A

lymph

254
Q

what does the lympahtic system drain into?

A

veins in the neck

255
Q

what do valves in lymph vessels prevent?

A

backflow of fluid

256
Q

the swelling caused by disruption in the flow of lymph

A

edema

257
Q

organs that filter lymph and play an important role in the body’s defense

A

lymph nodes

258
Q

when the body is fighting an infection what becomes swollen and tender?

A

lymph nodes

259
Q

what is the fluid in an open circulatory system?

A

continuous with the fluid surrounding all body cells

260
Q

blood in veterbrates contain which is a connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in a liquid matrix

A

plasma

261
Q

how much of the volume of blood do cellular elements occupy?

A

about 45%

262
Q

contained in plasma that consists of inorganic salts as dissolved ions

A

electrolytes

263
Q

what do plasma proteins influence and help?

A

blood pH and help maintain osmotic balance between blood and interstitial fluid

264
Q

what do particular plasma proteins function in?

A

lipid transport, immunity and blood clotting

265
Q

what is plasma similar in compostion to?

A

interstitial fluid but plasma has a much higher protein concentraition

266
Q

what two types of cells are suspended in blood plasma and what do they do?

A

1) Red blood cells (erythrocytes)- transport O2

2) White blood cells (leukocytes)- function in defense

267
Q

fragments of cells that are involved in clotting

A

platelets

268
Q

what are the most numerous blood cell?

A

erythocytes (red blood cells)

269
Q

the iron-containing protein that transports O2 in RBC’s?

A

hemoglobin

270
Q

what does each molecule of hemoglobin do?

A

binds up to four molecules of 02

271
Q

in mammals, what do mature erythrocytes lack?

A

nuceli and mitochondria

272
Q

caused by abnormal hemoglobin proteins that form aggregates

A

sick-cell disease

273
Q

what can the aggreates in sickle-cell disease deform an erythrocyte into?

A

a sickle shape

274
Q

what can sick cells do?

A

rupture or block blood vessels

275
Q

5 major types of leukocytes (MNBEL)

A

1) monocytes
2) neutrophils
3) basophils
4) eosinphils
5) lymphocytes

276
Q

erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets all develop from this common source

A

stem cells

277
Q

where are stem cells commonly found?

A

in the red marrow of bones, especially ribs, vertibrae, sternum and pelvis

278
Q

a hormone that stimulates erythrocite production when O2 delivery is low

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

279
Q

what can physicians use recombinant of EPO to treat people?

A

conditions such as anemia

280
Q

formation of a solid clot from liquid blood

A

coagulation

281
Q

what does a cascade of complex reactions convert?

A

inactive fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a clot

282
Q

a blood clot formed within a blood vessel and can block blood flow

A

thrombus

283
Q

cardiovascular disease that is caused by the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) within arteries

A

atherosclerosis

284
Q

what is a key player in the development of atherosclerosis?

A

cholesterol

285
Q

characteristics about cholestorol (SPPP3W)

A

1) steroid manufactured by animals
2) precursor to many steriod compounds
3) part of cell membranes
4) produce 1 gram daily
5) 35gram reservoir
6) we eat more than we need

286
Q

water soluble proteins that carry cholesterol through blood

A

lipoproteins

287
Q

two types of lipoproteins

A

1) high density lipoprotein (HDL) “good cholesterol”

2) Low density lipoprotein (LDL) “bad cholesterol”

288
Q

delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane productions

A

low desnsity lipoprotein (LDL)

289
Q

scavenges excess cholesterol to return to the liver

A

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

290
Q

what does risk for heart disease increase with?

A

a high LDL to HDL ratio

291
Q

besides cholesterol what is another factor in cardiovascular diseases?

A

inflammation

292
Q

the damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more cornonary arteries

A

heart attack or myocardial infarction

293
Q

death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head

A

stroke

294
Q

chest pain caused by partial blockage of the coronary arteries

A

angina pectoris

295
Q

a balloon intserted into an obstructured artery

A

stent

296
Q

high blood pressure, also contributes to heart attack and stroke as well as other health problems

A

hypertention

297
Q

how can hypertension be controlled by?

A

1) dietery changes
2) exercise
3) medication

298
Q

what is the main difference between malnutrition and undernutrition

A

with undernutrition you’re getting what you need but not enough

299
Q

who has a gastrovascular cavity?

A

animals with simple body plans

300
Q

who has an alimentary canal?

A

more complex animals such as mammals

301
Q

where does most chemical digestions take place?

A

in the duodenum by chemicals secreted by the liver, pancreas and small intestine

302
Q

where does mechanical digestion take place?

A

begins in your mouth and is continued by the walls of the espophagus, stomach and intestines

303
Q

what part of the digestive system are proteins digested? (3) (SSS)

A

1) Stomach
2) small intestine (enzyme from pancreas)
3) small intestine (enzyme from intestinal epithelium)

304
Q

what part of the digestive system are carbohydrates and sugars digested? (4) (OSSS)

A

1) oral cavity, pharnyx, esophogus
2) stomach
3) small intestine (enzymes from pancreas)
4) small intestine (enzymes from intestinal epithelium)

305
Q

what part of the digestive system are nucleic acids digested? (2) (SS)

A

1) small intestine (enzymes from pancreas)

2) small intestine (enzymes from intestinal epithelium)

306
Q

what part of the digestive system are fats digested?

A

the small intestine (enzymes from pancreas)

307
Q

what happens during single circulation?

A

blood leaves the heart and passes through two capillaray beds before returning

308
Q

what happens during double circulation?

A

oxygen-poor blood and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separatly from the right and left sides of the heart 66

309
Q

order of blood flow (9) (RLPLLABVR)

A

1) right ventricle
2) lungs (loads up on O2 and unloads CO2)
3) pulmonary veins (oxygen rich blood)
4) left atrium
5) left ventricle
6) aorta
7) body tissues
8) vena cava
9) right atrium

310
Q

what do the bundle fibers pass signals to?

A

the heart apex

Biology 201 (18 decks)

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