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Biology 201 > Lecture Exam #4 review sheet > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #4 review sheet Flashcards

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1
Q

distinguish between density and dispersion

A

DENSITY is the number of individuals living in the same general area or volume and DISPERSION is the pattern of spacing among individuals within a population

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2
Q

distinguish between clumped, uniform and random dispersion

A

CLUMPED: aggregate in patches and may be influenced by resource availability and an behavior
UNIFORM: evenly distributed and influenced by social interaction such as territoriality
RANDOM: independent of other individuals and and occurs in the absence of strong attractions and repulsions

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3
Q

distinguish between a life table and reproductive table

A

age specific summaries
LIFE TABLE: survival pattern of population
REPRODUCTION TABLE: summary of reproductive rates

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4
Q

Distinguish between Type I, Type II and Type III survivorship curve

A

TYPE I: low death rates during middle life and increase in death rate among older aged groups (humans)
TYPE II: constant death rate over organism’s lifespan
TYPE III: high death rates of young and lower death rates for survivors

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5
Q

distinguish between semelparity and iteroparity

A

SEMELPARITY: Reproduce once and die (Big Bang Reproduction) preferred by high variable and unpredictable environments

ITEROPARITY: Reproduce offspring repeadatly (repeated reproduction) preferred by dependable environments

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6
Q

distinguish between r-selected populations and K-selected populations

A

R-selected: selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction (density-independent selection)

K-Selected: selects for life history traits that sensitive to population density (density-dependent selection)

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7
Q

explain how ecologists may estimate the density of a species?

A

by using sampling techniques to estimate densitites and total population size

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8
Q

explain how limited resources and trade-offs may affect life histories

A

an animal with more children will die sooner because they’re using more energy and resources to reproduce, support and take care of itself

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9
Q

compare exponential and logistic models of population growth

A

EXPONENTIAL: rate increase is constant but the population accumulates more individuals per unit time when it’s large than when it’s small (J-Curve)

LOGISTIC: new individuals are added to the population most rapidly at intermediate population size (S-Curve)

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10
Q

explain how density-dependent and density-independent factors may affect population growth

A

Density-dependent: birth rate increases when population increases

Density-indepedent: death rate increases when population increases

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11
Q

Explain how biotic and abiotic factors may work together to control a population growth

A

BIOTIC: predation and competition cause a decrease in population

ABIOTIC: severe weather can cause extreme decreases in population

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12
Q

describe the problems associated with estimating Earth’s carrying capacity for the human species

A

there is no single carrying capacity for human population because the carrying capacity depends on the quality of life and distribution of wealth

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13
Q

what are the Tinbergen’s four questions and identify them as proximate or ultimate

A

1) What stimulus elicits the behavior and what physiological mechanism mediates the response? (proximate)
2) How does an animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response? (proximate)
3) How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction? (Ultimate)
4) What is the behavior’s evolutionary history? (ultimate)

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14
Q

distinguish between kenesis and taxis

A

KENESIS: change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus

TAXIS: an oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus

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15
Q

distinguish between circadian and circannual behavior rhythms

A

CIRCADIAN: internal mechanism that maintains 24 hour activity rhythm or cycle

CIRCANNUAL: linked to a yearly cycle of seasons

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16
Q

distinguish between landmarks and cognitive maps

A

LANDMARKS: location indicators

COGNITIVE MAPS: representation in the nervous system of spatial relationships eternal objects in an animal’s surrounding

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17
Q

distinguish between classical and operant conditioning

A

CLASSICAL: stimulus becomes associated with a particular outcome

OPERANT: trial and error, animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with reward or punishment

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18
Q

suggest a proximate and ultimate cause for imprinting in newly hatched geese

A

PROXIMATE: during an early, critical developmental stage the young geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling

ULTIMATE: on average, geese that follow and imprint on their mother receive more care and learn necessary skills and have a better chance of surviving then those who don’t imprint on their mother.

19
Q

describe optimal foraging model

A

compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food (energy expendature and risk of being eaten)

20
Q

distinguish between promiscuous, monogamous and polygamous mating systems

A

PROMISCUOUS: no strong bonds or lasting relationship
MONOGAMOUS: one male mates with one female
POLYGAMOUS: one sex mates with several different of the other sex

21
Q

difference between polyngy and polyandry

A

Polygny: one male mates with many females
polyandry: one female mates with many males

22
Q

distinguish between intersexual and intrasexual selection

A

INTERSEXUAL: members of one sex chooses mates on the basis of traits (female choice)

INTRASEXUAL: involves competition between members of the same sex for mates

23
Q

define altruistic behavior and relate the coefficient of relatedness to the concept of altruism

A

Altruism is behavior that is often selfish. Sometimes behaves in ways that reduces their individual fitness but increases fitness of others.

24
Q

distinguish between Kin selection and reciprocal altruism

A

KIN SELECTION: natural selection that favors this kind of altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives

RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM- altruistic behavior or unrelated individuals can be adapted if the aided individual returns the favor in the future

25
Q

distinguish between social learning and culture

A

SOCIAL LEARNING- modification of behavior through the observation of other individuals

CULTURE- information transfer through social learning or teaching that influences behaviors of individuals and a population

26
Q

derived traits of chordates

A

1) notochord
2) dorsal hollow nerve cord
3) pharyngeal slits or clefts
4) muscular post-anal tail

27
Q

derived traits of craniates

A

chordates with a head

28
Q

derived traits of vertebrates

A

1) vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
2) elaborate skull
3) fin rays, in aquatic forms

29
Q

derived traits of gnathostomes

A

1) vertbebrates with jaws
2) named for their jaws
3) jaws are hypothesied to have elvolved by modification of skeletal rods that supported the pharyngeal (gill) slits

30
Q

derived characteristics of tetrapods

A

1) Gnathostomes with limbs
2) four limbs and feet with digits
3) a neck which allows separate head movement
4) fusion of pelvic girdle into backbone
5) absence of gills (except in some aquatic species)
6) ears for detecting sounds

31
Q

derived characteristics of amniotes

A

1) tetrapods that have a terrestrial adapted egg
2) named for the amniotic egg
3) extraembryonic membranes include: the amnion, chorion, yolk sac and allantois

32
Q

derived characteristics of birds

A

1) archosaurs
2) many have adaptation that facilitate flight
3) major adaption is wings with keratin feathers
4) lack of urinary bladder
5) females with only one ovary
6) small gonads
7) loss of teeth

33
Q

derived characteristics of mammals

A

1) Amniotes with hair that produce milk
2) high metabolic rate due to endothermy
3) larger size brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size
4) differentiated teeth

34
Q

derived characteristics of primates (5) (MLFCF)

A

1) most have hands and feet adapted for grasping and flat nails
2) large brain and short jaws
3) forward looking eyes close together on the face providing depth perception
4) complex behavior and parental care
5) fully opposable thumb (mokeys and apes)

35
Q

derived characteristics of humans

A

1) mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion

2) large brain capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression and tool making

36
Q

what do Haikouella and Myllokungingia tell us about the craniate evolution

A

Haikouella was the most primitive fossil found from the Cambrian explosion. (well formed brain, eyes, muscular segment and no ear or skull)

37
Q

describe the trends in mineralized structures in early vertebrates

A

condodonts were among the earliest fossils found (mineralized skeletal elements in mouth and pharynx)

38
Q

distinguish between chondrichthyses and osteichthyes

A

CHONDRICHTHYES: skeleton composed primarily of cartilage (sharks, rays and skates)

OSTEICHTHYES: nearly all of them have a bony endoskeleton (fishes and tetrapods) (most belong to gnathostomes)

39
Q

Distinguish between gnathostomes, tetrapods and amniotes

A

GNATHASTOMES: vertebrates with jaws
TETRAPODS: gnathastomes with limbs,
AMNIOTES: Tetrapods with a terrestrial adapted egg

40
Q

describe the amniotic egg

A

1) contains membranes that protect embryo
2) key adaption to life on land
3) most reptiles and mammals have shell

41
Q

explain why the reptile clade includes birds

A

they are archosaurs but all of their reptilian anatomy has been adapted for flight

42
Q

what is the significance of the oldest known bird archaeopteryx

A

has a teeth and tail like a reptile but wings like a bird

43
Q

distinguish between monotreme, marsupial and Eutharian mammals

A

MONOTREME: egg-laying mammals
MARSUPIAL: embryo develops within placenta of mother’s uterus but completes its development in a marsupian pouch early on

EUTHARIAN: more complex placenta and complete development in uterus joined to the mother by the placenta

44
Q

hominin

A

more closely related to humans than chimpanzees

Biology 201 (18 decks)

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