Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 201 > LAB Final Part 1 (Reproductive) > Flashcards

LAB Final Part 1 (Reproductive) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what types of sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom?

A

both sexual and asexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the creation of offspring by fusion of male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) to form a zygote

A

sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm

A

asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an example of animal reproduction taking many forms?

A

sea slugs are both male and female, each one producing both eggs and sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does a population only live out its members?

A

by reproduction, the generation of new individuals from existing ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a simple form of asexual reproduction found only among invertebrates

A

budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do new individuals arise with budding?

A

from outgrowths of existing ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a way many invertebrates reproduce asexually where the separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size

A

fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

characteristics of budding (3) (OOS)

A

1) offspring grow from parents body
2) once a certain size offspring are released from parents
3) some species offspring remain attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

steps with fragmentation (2) (PE)

A

1) the parent’s body is broken into more than one piece

2) each piece regenerates to form new individuals is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

does fragmentation happen on purpose?

A

no always

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what must fragmentation be accompanied by?

A

regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

regrowth of lost body parts

A

regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when an unfertilized egg produces an individual

A

parthogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do sexual females have compared to asexual females and what is that?

A

half as many daughters, it’s the “twofold cost” of sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

despite the twofold cost of sexual reproduction, how do most eukarayotic species reproduce?

A

sexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

by producing offspring of varied phenotypes what may enhance reproductive success when environmental factors change rapidly?

A

sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what type of reproduction is expected to be most advantageous in stable, favorable environments

A

asexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do most animals exhibit reproductive cycles related to?

A

changing seasons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are reproductive cycles controlled by?

A

hormones and environmental cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycel

A

ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

since seasonal temperature is often an important cue in reproduction what can decrease reproductive success?

A

climate change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how can some oraganism produce depending on conditions?

A

sexually or asexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what do several genera of fishes, amphibians and lizards reproduce only by a complex form of?

A

parthegenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does parthenogenesis involve?

A

the doubling of chromosomes after meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what do many animals find challenging?

A

finding a partner for sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

a solution to finding a partner for sexual reproduction where each individual has male and female reproductive systems

A

hermaphroditism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how do hermaphrodites reproduce ?

A

two hermaphrodites can mate and some can self fertilize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what do individuals of some species undergo

A

sex reversals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what type of sex reversals do some species exhibit?

A

male to female reversals (certain oysters) and female to male reversals (coral reef fish)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the union of the egg and sperm play an important part in sexual reproduction

A

fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

when eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external environment

A

external fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is required of external fertilization and why?

A

a moist environment so that the sperm can swim to the egg and prevent the gametes from drying out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

in external fertilization when individuals cluster in the same area to release their gametes into the water at the same time

A

spawning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

in some cases what’s responsible for external fertilization?

A

chemical signals trigger spawning in other environmental cues are respsonsible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract and fertilization occurs within the tract

A

internal fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does internal fertilization require?

A

behavorial interactions and compatible copulatory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does ALL fertilization require? (2) (CB)

A

1) critical timing

2) behaviorial interactions and compatable copulatory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is fertilization often mediated by? (3) (EPC)

A

1) environmental cues
2) pheremones
3) courtship behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

characteristics of ensuring survival of offsrping in internal fertilization? (4) (FHMP)

A

1) fewer gametes
2) higher surivial rate
3) mechanisms to provide protection of embryos
4) parental care for young

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

where do embryos of some terrestrial animals develop in? (3) (EPS)

A

1) egg with calcium
2) protein containing shells
3) several internal membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what do some other animals retain in internal fertilization?

A

the embryo, which develops inside the female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what does parental care ensure in many animals?

A

surivival of offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what must animals produce to produce sexually?

A

gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

some species have these organs that produce gametes

A

gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what do some simple systems not have?

A

gonads but gametes form from undifferentiaed tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what do more elaborate systems include sets of?

A

accesory tubes and gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what do accessory tubes and glands do in more elaborate systems?

A

nourish and protect gametes and developing embryos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what do most insects have?

A

separate sexes with complex reproductive systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

many female insects have this, when a sperm is store during copulation

A

spermatheca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

a common opening between the external environment and the digestive, excretory and reproductive systems

A

cloaca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is a cloaca common in?

A

nonmammalian verterberates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what do mammals usually have?

A

a separate opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is relatively rare among animals?

A

monogamy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what do males and/or females of some species have to decrease the chance of their mate mating with another individual?

A

evolved mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what can females sometimes influence with their mates?

A

the relative reproductive success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

one male mates with many females

A

polygamy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

one female mates with many males (sandpiper)

A

polyandry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

males and females mate with multiple partners

A

promiscuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

each individual has both male and female reproductive systems

A

hermaphroditc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are example of hermaphrodotic animals?

A

clams, seas slugs and barnacles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

in humans what are the male external reproductive organs?

A

scrotum and penis

63
Q

in humans what are male internal reproductive organs? (3) (GAD)

A

1) gonads (produce sperm and horomes)
2) accessory glands (secrete products needed for sperm movement)
3) ducts (carry sperm and glandular secretions)

64
Q

male gonads that consist of highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue

A

testes

65
Q

where does sperm form in human males?

A

in these semineferous tubules

66
Q

in human males what produces hormones and are scattered between the tubules?

A

leydig cells

67
Q

what can the production of normal sperms NOT occur at?

A

the body temperature of most mammals

68
Q

where the testes of may mammals are held outside the abdominal cavity, where the temperature is lower than in the abdominal cavity

A

scrotum

69
Q

where does sperm pass into from the semifernous tubules in the testes in human males?

A

the epididymis

70
Q

during ejaculation in human males what is sperm propelled through and where does it exit?

A

the muscular vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct and then exits the penis through the uretha

71
Q

what is semen composed of?

A

sperm plus secretions from three sets of accessory glands

72
Q

what contributes to about 60% of the total volume of semen?

A

two seminal vesicles

73
Q

secretes its products directly into the urethra through several small ducts

A

prostate gland

74
Q

secretes a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra

A

bulbourethral glands

75
Q

in female humans what are the internal organs that carry the gametes and house the embryo and fetus?

A

a pair of gonads and a system of ducts and chambers that carry gametes and house the embryo and fetus

76
Q

the female gonads that lie in the abdominal cavity

A

ovaries

77
Q

what does each ovary contain?

A

follicles

78
Q

what does the follicles consist of?

A

an oocyte surrounded by support cells

79
Q

a partially developed egg

A

oocyte

80
Q

how does the egg travel from the ovary to the uterus?

A

via an oviduct or fallopian tube

81
Q

what conveys the egg to the uterus?

A

cilia in the oviduct

82
Q

what else is the uterus called?

A

the womb

83
Q

the uterus lining with many blood vessels

A

endometrium

84
Q

where the uterus narrows and opens into the vagina

A

cervix

85
Q

a muscular but elastic chamber

A

vagina

86
Q

functions of the vagina (2) (RB)

A

1) repository for sperm during copulation

2) birth canal

87
Q

where does the vagina open to the outside at?

A

the vulva

88
Q

what does the vulva consist of?

A

1) labia majora
2) labia minora
3) hymen
4) clitoris

89
Q

what is not part of the reproductive system but are important to mammalian reporoduction?

A

mammary glands

90
Q

what are within the mammary glands?

A

sacs of epithelial tissue secrete milk

91
Q

production of gametes

A

gametogenesis

92
Q

the formation of sperm and is continous and prolific

A

spermatogenesis

93
Q

how many sperm are produced per day and how long does it take for them to develop?

A

hundreds of million and takes about 7 weeks to develop

94
Q

the development of a mature egg. is a prolonged process

A

oogenesis

95
Q

what forms in the female embryo but don’t complete their development until years or decades later

A

immature eggs

96
Q

3 ways spermatogenesis differs from oogenesis (ASS)

A

1 )all four products of meiosis develop into sperm while only one of four become an egg

2) spetmatogenesis occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood
3) sperm are produced continously without the prolonged interuprtion in oogenesis

97
Q

what is human reproduction coordinated by? (3) (HAG)

A

1) hormones from the hypothalamus
2) anterior pituitary
3) gonads

98
Q

secreted by the hypothalamus and directss the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

A

Gonodotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

99
Q

what regulates processes in the gonads and the production of sex hormones?

A

FSH and LH

100
Q

what are the main sex hormones?

A

steroid hormones

101
Q

what is the main androgen?

A

testrosterone

102
Q

what does estrogens consist mainly of?

A

estradiol and progesterone

103
Q

what are some of the functions that sex hormones serve in addition to gamete production? (2) (SD)

A

1) sexual behavior

2) the development of primary and secondary sex characteritsitcs

104
Q

in male humans what promotes activity in sertoli cells which nourish developing sperm?

A

FSH

105
Q

in male humans what regulates leydig cells, which secretes testosterone and other androgens which in turn promote spermatogenesise events

A

LH

106
Q

in female humans what are the secretion of hormones and the reproductive event they regulate?

A

cyclic

107
Q

what happens prior to ovulation?

A

the endometrium thickens with blood vesseles in preperation for the embryo implantation

108
Q

if an embryo does not implant in the endometrium, what happens?

A

menstruation occurs where the endometirum sheds

109
Q

what closely links the two cycles of female reproduction?

A

hormones

110
Q

what are the changes asscoiated with female reproduction?

A

1) changes in the uterus define the menstrual cycle (also called uterine cycle)
2) changes in the ovaries define the ovarian cycle

111
Q

during the ovarian cycle what is there a sequential release of that stimulates follicle growth?

A

GnRH and FSH and LH

112
Q

what characterizes the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicle growth and an increase in the hormone estradiol

113
Q

what does the follicular phase end and what happens after?

A

at ovulation, the secondary oocyte is released

114
Q

what is occuring during the luteal phase in human females after ovulation?

A

the follicular tissue left behind is stimulated to transform into the corpus luteum

115
Q

what does the corpus luteum secrete that exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituatary?

A

progesterone and estradiol

116
Q

what happens if no embryo implants the endometrium>

A

a new cycle begins

117
Q

what type of location can cells of the uterine lining sometimes migrate to?

A

an abnormal or ectopic location

118
Q

a disorder where swelling of cells in repsonse to hormone stimulation

A

endometriosis

119
Q

after about 500 cycles, it occurs where the cessation of ovulation and menstruation occur

A

menopause

120
Q

what is very unsual among animals?

A

menopause

121
Q

what may menopause have evolved for?

A

to allow a mother to provide better care for her children and grandchildren

122
Q

menstrual cycle characteristics (2) (ES)

A

1) the endometrium is shed from the uteris in a bleeding called mensturation
2) sexual receptivity is not limited to a time frame

123
Q

estrous cycles of most mammals (3) (ESL)

A

1) the endometirum is reabsorbed by the uterus
2 )sexual receptivity is limite to a “heat” period called estrus
3) the length and frequency of estrbous cycles vary from species to species

124
Q

in placental animals what develops fully withi the mother’s uterus?

A

the embryo

125
Q

fertlization of an egg by a sperm in the oviduct

A

conception

126
Q

the resulting zygote begins to divide by mitosis

A

cleavage

127
Q

a ball of cells with a central cavity given rise from a disvision of cells

A

blastocyst

128
Q

after blastocyst formation what happens/

A

the embryo implants into the endometrium

129
Q

the condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus

A

pregnancy or gestation

130
Q

during pregnancy in other species what correlate?

A

with body size and maturity of young at birth

131
Q

what are the roughly nine months of human gestation divided into?

A

3 trimesters of equal length

132
Q

are all embryos capable of completing development?

A

no

133
Q

what do many embryos spontaneously stop development due to

A

chromosomal or other developmental abnormalities

134
Q

what happens rarely where a fertilizied egg lodes in the fallopian tube?

A

ectopic pregnancy

135
Q

what does the splitting of the embryo during the first month of development result in?

A

genetically identical (monozygotic) twins

136
Q

what does the release and fertilization of two eggs result in?

A

fraternal and genetically distinct (dizyogtic) twins

137
Q

the deliberate prevention of pregnancy

A

contraception

138
Q

3 methods of contraception (PKP)

A

1) preventing release of egg and sperm
2) keeping sperm and egg apart
3) preventing implantation of an embryo

139
Q

when one refrains from intercourse when contreception is most likely and has a pregancy rate of 10-20%

A

rhythm method or neutral family planning

140
Q

what is an unrealiable method to interupt coitus?

A

the withdraw of the penis before ejaculation

141
Q

what are some barrier methods which has a pregnancy rate of less than 10% (CD)

A

1) a condom that fits over the penis

2) a diaphragm insterted into the vagina before intercourse

142
Q

inserted into the uterus and interfere with fertilization and implantation, the pregnancy rate is less than 1%

A

intauterine devices (IUDs)

143
Q

horonal contraceptive with a pregnancy rate of less than 1%

A

female birth control pills

144
Q

permanent prevention of the release of gametes

A

sterilization

145
Q

2 types of sterilization

A

1) tubal ligation that ties off the oviducts

2) vasectomy that ties off the vas deferns

146
Q

termination of pregnancy

A

abortion

147
Q

what occurs in one-third of all pregancies?

A

spontaneous abortion or miscarriage

148
Q

what does the drug RU486 and when?

A

it terminates a pregnancy nonsurgically within the first 7 weeks

149
Q

ways to detect disorders during pregancny (2) (AU)

A

1) amniocentesis and chronic villus sampling (invasive)

2) ultrasound (non-invasive)

150
Q

what does genetic testing of the fetus pose?

A

ethical questions and can present parents with difficult decisions

151
Q

where are almost all detectable disorders untreatable?

A

in the uterusand many cannot be corrected afterbirth

152
Q

among the preventable causes of infertility what are most significant?

A

STDs

153
Q

mixes eggs with sperm in culture dishes and returns the embryo to the uterus at the eight-cell stage

A

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

154
Q

what can also be injected difrectly into the oocyte?

A

sperm or sperm nuclei

Biology 201 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions