Lecture 9: behaviour in a social context

Question 1

Attribution

Answer 1

The judgment of the cause of behavior and outcomes, explaining why someone acted in a particular way.

Question 2

people

Two Main Forms of Attribution

Answer 2

■ Personal Attribution
■ Situational Attribution

Question 3

Situational Attribution

Answer 3

This form links behavior to external factors or the situation
○ Example
■ Kim attributed a boring class to external factors like traffic issues.

Question 4

Personal Attribution

Answer 4

It involves attributing behavior to a person’s character or internal traits
○ Example
■ Kim thinks a class is boring because her classmate is lazy, attributing it to a personal characteristic

Question 5

the rock song

Factors in Determining Attribution

Answer 5

○ Consistency
○ Distinctiveness
○ Consensus

Question 6

if your friends jump off a bridge would you?

○ Consensus

Answer 6

Consider whether others in the same situation behave similarly

● Calculation
○ Consensus = High
■ Implies a situational attribution

Question 7

Distinctiveness

Answer 7

Examines whether the behavior is unique to a specific situation or generalizable.
● Calculation
○ Distinctiveness = Low
■ Suggests a more generalized attribution.

Question 8

Consistency

Answer 8

Refers to the frequency of a person’s behavior in a given situation.
● Calculation
○ Indicates a more reliable attribution

Question 9

● Attribution Mistakes

Answer 9

○ Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 10

nah i’d win

○ Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 10

occurs when there is an underestimation of situational factors for others and an overestimation for oneself.
● Example
○ Kim attributed her own test failure to a difficult test (situational), while attributing others’ failures to personal traits.

Question 11

i failed the test its teach. fault, i did good im too smart

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 11

People tend to attribute positive outcomes to personal factors and negative outcomes to situational factors.
■ Example
● Taking credit for a good test as personal competence but attributing a bad test to external factors.

Question 12

ppl + others

What are the types of cultural Differences

Answer 12

1. Individualistic Cultures
2. Collectivist Cultures

Question 13

mean girls

Collectivist Cultures

Answer 13

Emphasize situational factors and group dynamics

Question 14

Individualistic Cultures

Answer 14

Focus on personal factors

Question 15

Holistic Thinking

Answer 15

Some cultures view the world more holistically, considering the interconnectedness of factors.

Question 16

dont think bout answer just say it: the yapper

Individual Differences fact

Answer 16

Quick decision-makers may be more prone to fundamental attribution errors

Question 17

What are the factors of cognitive processes in Impression Formation

Answer 17

● Stereotypes and Confirmation Bias

Question 17

Inherent Cognitive Shortcuts

Answer 17

■ Cognitive shortcuts are the brain’s way of conserving energy by quickly forming impressions.
● Quick, initial impressions significantly influence subsequent perceptions.
■ First impressions are formed rapidly, shaping our views of others

Question 18

Changing First Impressions

Answer 18

■ This requires concerted effort and evidence contradicting initial beliefs.
● Altered perceptions occur when substantial evidence contradicts the initial impression.
■ A person can change the first impression by consistently displaying positive traits.

Question 18

negative 1st impression

Primacy and Recency Effects

Answer 18

■ The primacy effect prioritizes initial information, while the recency effect emphasizes recent data.
● Initial information carries weight, but recent data can alter perceptions.
■ Despite a negative first impression, recent positive actions can change one’s view.

Question 19

Stereotypes

Answer 19

■ These are generalized beliefs about a group or category.
● Media, pop culture, and isolated instances contribute to the formation and perpetuation of stereotypes.
■ Stereotypes about gender, ethnicity, or profession can impact how individuals are perceived.

Question 20

Media Influence

Answer 20

■ Media, movies, and pop culture play a significant role in the formation and reinforcement of stereotypes.
● Be mindful of media influence when assessing stereotypes

Question 20

Confirmation Bias

Answer 20

■ This favors information confirming existing beliefs, and perpetuating stereotypes.
● Despite contradictory evidence, individuals often focus on instances that confirm their preconceptions

Question 21

Cognitive Bias Demonstration

Answer 21

■ Individuals actively seek characteristics confirming stereotypes while disregarding contradictory evidence.
● Consideration of diverse perspectives is crucial for unbiased judgments.
■ Noticing a single instance to confirm a stereotype while disregarding numerous contrary instances.

Question 22

Stereotypes, Stereotype Threat, and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Answer 22

• Stereotypes and Confirmation Bias
• Lazy Brain Phenomenon
• Stereotype Threat
• Categorization and Judgment
• Stereotype Maintenance
• Challenges of Suppressing Stereotypes
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Question 23

women are bad drivers

Stereotypes and Confirmation Bias

Answer 23

1. Stereotypes are preconceived beliefs about a group of people based on their characteristics.
2. People tend to favor information confirming existing stereotypes and dismiss contradicting data.
   ■ Example
   ● If a stereotype suggests women are bad drivers, individuals may ignore instances where women excel in driving.

Question 23

Keeley being like “this is common sense bruv dw”

Lazy Brain Phenomenon

Answer 23

○ The inherent laziness of the brain leads to relying on stereotypes rather than making effortful judgments.
■ Confirmation bias contributes to the inclination to grasp instances that confirm stereotypes.
○ Individuals might stereotype based on a few instances without considering a broader perspective.

Question 24

women bad at math therefore you will become bad

Stereotype Threat

Answer 24

○ Stereotype threat occurs when individuals conform to negative stereotypes after becoming aware of them.
○ Awareness of a negative stereotype can influence individuals to conform to it subconsciously.
■ Example
● Women perform slightly less well on a math test when their gender is highlighted due to the stereotype that women are bad at math.

Question 24

P1: were u in med lab?

P2: nuh uh
P1: ur sus cuz u were following red

Categorization and Judgment

Answer 24

○ Initial categorization involves making snap judgments based on observable characteristics.
■ Deciding to understand an individual depends on their perceived importance in a given context.
○ If a person is significant, one may invest more time and energy in understanding them; otherwise, stereotypes may persist.

Question 24

uncle richard

Stereotype Maintenance

Answer 24

○ Stereotypes can be maintained through various cognitive processes, such as the exact opposite action reinforcing the stereotype.
■ Actions contrary to a stereotype may not necessarily challenge it; they might inadvertently strengthen it.
○ Engaging in negative behaviors to defy a stereotype may, ironically, confirm it instead.

Question 25

unintentional racism or sexism

Challenges of Suppressing Stereotypes

Answer 25

• ironic monitoring.
• lead to a rebound effect, increasing the prominence of the stereotype.
• telling urself not to think about a stereotype can make u think of it more

Question 26

do bad cuz someone though u would do bad

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 26

○ Expectations about someone can lead to behaviors from original expectation.
○ Acting based on other ppls notions can influence others to fulfill those expectations
■ Example
● A teacher labeling a student as “bad” may result in the student behaving poorly, confirming the teacher’s initial perception.

Question 27

do i care enough about this person to listen to their problems?

Complicated Flow Chart

Answer 27

● categorizing stereotypes involves a flow chart considering factors like willingness to understand and available time and energy.
● Individuals go through a mental process of deciding whether to invest effort in understanding others based on the situation.

Question 28

sm1 perceives another person as awesome, treatment better = good time

Attitudes and Behavior

Answer 28

○ Attitude refers to the positive or negative evaluation
○ Attitudes have a reciprocal relationship with behavior, influencing each other.
■ Example

Question 29

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 29

○ conflict between attitudes and behavior.
○ Individuals strive for consistency in their attitudes and behavior to avoid discomfort.
■ Example
● A self-proclaimed Raptors fan who doesn’t engage with the team may experience cognitive dissonance.

Question 29

button goes off, ppl stand, 1 person ???, conditioned to stand w/ button

● Self-Perception Theory

Answer 29

○ This suggests people infer their attitudes based on observed behavior.
○ Behavior can shape one’s understanding and beliefs about their own attitudes.
■ Example
● Someone acting as a Raptors fan may eventually accept the label based on their consistent behaviors.

Question 29

peer pressure

Influence of Others on Attitudes and Behavior

Answer 29

○ Social dynamics, conformity, and external pressures can shape attitudes and behaviors.
○ Group influences may lead individuals to adopt attitudes inconsistent with their personal beliefs

Question 29

ppl who are paid to support isreal

Situational Factors

Answer 29

○ Strong situational factors, like financial incentives, can override personal attitudes.
■ Example
● A person might express disdain for a sports team but support them if offered a significant financial incentive.

Question 29

my gf is gonna break up with me + she actually did noooo = im unloveable

● Confirmation Bias and Murphy’s Law

Answer 29

○ Murphy’s Law is linked to confirmation bias, emphasizing negative expectations leading to negative outcomes.
■ Expecting negative interactions can create a self-fulfilling prophecy unless consciously countered.

Question 29

● Overall Attitude and Positivity

Answer 29

○ Attitude is an overall positive or negative evaluation of something.
■ Attitudes need not be negative; positivity can lead to favorable outcomes.
○ Believing in people’s awesomeness can result in reciprocal positive behaviors, fostering a positive cycle.
● Consistency in behavior and attitudes mitigates cognitive dissonance.
● Positive attitudes can cultivate positive behaviors and interactions.

Question 29

P1: ur pretty

P2: ????? nuh uh (insert psychological discomfort)

Cognitive Dissonance and Self-Perception Theory

Answer 29

○ occurs when one’s self-view is threatened, leading to psychological discomfort.
○ When faced with conflicting information about oneself, a person may experience cognitive dissonance.

Question 29

politicians promo through news outlets. donald trump twitter

Persuasion Dynamics

Answer 29

○ Persuasion involves a communicator delivering a message through a channel to an audience.
○ Elements in persuasion include the communicator’s credibility, the content of the message, the communication channel, the target audience, and the context in which the message is delivered.
■ Example
● A lecturer delivering a compelling message to students in a classroom setting represents a persuasion dynamic .

Question 29

Credibility in Persuasion

Answer 29

○ Credibility is influenced by expertise, trustworthiness, and the ability to deliver unbiased information.
○ Credentials and tangible examples of work contribute to the communicator’s credibility, fostering trust and engagement.
■ Example
● A professor with extensive experience and relevant credentials is more likely to be perceived as credible.

Question 30

E: L+ ratio

A: Im in ur walls

Presenting Both Sides in Persuasion

Answer 30

○ Strategy
■ Effectiveness increases by presenting both sides of an argument and refuting the opposing view.
■ Acknowledging opposing arguments demonstrates a comprehensive understanding and engages the audience in constructive dialogue.
● Example
○ A debater presenting counter arguments to strengthen their own position.
○ Incremental Persuasion

Question 30

goto Linas house cuz exam sucked

Fear in Persuasion

Answer 30

○ Strategy
■ Inducing mild fear followed by presenting a solution.
■ Controlled fear can capture attention and motivate action, especially when accompanied by a reassuring solution.
● Example
○ Advertising or political campaigns highlight potential issues and provide solutions to alleviate concerns

Question 30

C: ill have 1 drink tnight

P: nuh uh, u’ll get blacked out

Peripheral Route vs. Central Route

Answer 30

○ The central route involves careful consideration; the peripheral route relies on non-substantive factors.
■ Central route persuasion requires thoughtful analysis, while the peripheral route relies on emotional appeals and other surface-level factors.
○ Engaging in a detailed discussion on a topic (central route) versus relying on emotional appeals and likability (peripheral route).

Question 31

stage fright, impress ppl

Social Facilitation

Answer 31

○ The mere presence of others influences individual performance.
○ The mere presence of an audience can significantly impact an individual’s performance, leading to improvement or decline.
■ Example
● Running faster in a race when being watched by others

Question 31

im chill like that

what are the 3 types of Persuasion Techniques

Answer 31

○ Physical Attraction, Likability, and Similarity
■ Physical attractiveness, likability, and similarity to the audience enhance persuasiveness.
■ Evolutionary factors play a role, as people are naturally inclined to pay attention to those who share similar traits.
● Example
○ A speaker who is relatable and likable is more likely to influence the audience.

Question 32

Presenting Both Sides in Persuasion (convinving)

Answer 32

○ Strategy
■ Gradually introducing ideas differing from the audience’s current beliefs.
■ Incremental persuasion involves taking small steps toward changing the audience’s perspective, making the transition more acceptable.
● Example
○ Convincing someone to reconsider their stance on a topic through gradual, thoughtful discussion.

Question 32

types of Social Facilitation and Its Impact on Behavior

Answer 32

● Social Facilitation
● Social Barriers, Norms, and Roles

Question 32

perform good: yay

perform bad: boo

● Social Facilitation

Answer 32

○ The intricate phenomenon where the mere presence of others significantly influences an individual’s physiological and psychological arousal.
■ Enhancing or diminishing their performance based on their dominant response.