Lecture 5: Memory Flashcards
1
Q
Encoding definition
A
formatting a new memory
2
Q
Storage definition
A
maintaining encoded info in memory overtime
3
Q
Retrieval definition
A
recovering info from memory stores
4
Q
What is the purpose of encoding?
A
requires us to pay attention
5
Q
Process of encoding
A
- Focus awareness a narrowed range of things or events
- Filter allows us to select specific sensory info
- Due to filtering during sensory input (early) or after the brain has processed the input (late) (scientists go 🧐)
6
Q
What is the cocktail party phenomenon?
A
overhear name being mentioned despite paying attention to something else
7
Q
Facts on multitasking
A
- switch out attention back and forth between tasks instead of simultaneously paying attention to all of them
- Bad for tasks that require full attention (driving)
- Performance on given tasks is reduced when multitasking
8
Q
Definition of “levels to process theory”
A
deeper level of process result in longer-lasting memory codes
9
Q
Structural encoding definition
A
Shallow processing, focus on physical structure of stimuli (shape, colour, length etc)
10
Q
Phonemic encoding definition
A
Emphasis on sound of words
11
Q
Semantic encoding definition
A
Emphasis on meaning of word, think bout object. And action the words represent
12
Q
How to enhance retention
A
- Elaboration
- linking stimuli togther at time of encoding
- - - Additional association + examples - Visual imagery
- - - Creation of visual images to repeat
- - - Words to be remembered- -(Easy: table, pony, etc.) (hard: love, truth, justice)
13
Q
Sensory memory definition
A
Info in its sensory for, that is stored for a brief time (only fraction of second)
- Example: Afterimage
14
Q
Short term memory definition
A
limited capacity storage, that can maintain unrehearsed info up 4 20 secs
15
Q
Rehearsal definition
A
process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking bout info
16
Q
What are the 2 rehearsals?
A
- Maintenance rehearsal
- Elaborative rehearsal
17
Q
Maintenance rehearsal definition
A
maintaining info in consciousness
18
Q
Elaborative rehearsal definition
A
memory technology that involves thinking bout meaning of term (not repeating)
19
Q
Short term memory facts
A
- info is lost in less then 20 secs without rehearsal 2. Mostly due to inference from competing material
- Can remember 4 (+/-) items
20
Q
Chunking definition
A
group stimuli into units
Example: (phone number)
21
Q
Short-term memory as “working memory” process
A
- working memory
- Phonological loop
- Visuospatial sketchpad
- Central executive system
- Episodic buffer
22
Q
working memory purpose
A
- limited capacity storage system
- temporarily maintains and stores info by providing interface between perception, memory and action
23
Q
Phonological loop purpose
A
use recitation to temporarily remember something
24
Q
Visuospatial sketchpad purpose
A
temporary hold and manipulate visual images
25
Central executive system purpose
1. Controls attention
2. Controls switching
3. Dividing attention
26
Episodic buffer purpose
1. allows components of working memory to intergrate info.
2. Acts as interface between short-term and long-term memory
27
Memory capacity definition
ability to hold and manipulate info in conscious attention
28
Memory capacity purpose
can temporarily reduce when under pressure or when ruminating on something else
29
Memory associated with high-level cognitive abilities examples
1. Reading comprehension
2. Complex reading
3. General intelligence
4. Playing musical instruments
30
Long term memory definition
Unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time
31
Flash-bulb memories definition
unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
32
Facts about flashbulb memories
1. supports idea that memories are permanent
2. Become faded overtime
3. Vivid, so therefore more confident
33
Clustering definition
tendency to remember similar or related items in groups
34
Conceptual hierarchy definition
multilevel classification system based on common properties among items
35
Schemas definition and facts
Definition:
- Organized cluster of knowledge about particular object or event
Facts:
- Abstract from previous experience with object or even
- Remember things that are consistent with schemas, but seem really odd of place
36
Semantic networks definition
Nodes of representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts
37
Connectionist models definition
Memory based on neural networks handle info
Parallel distribution process
38
Parallel distribution process definition
Simultaneous process of same info spread across neuron networks
39
Cognitive process definition
Depend pattern of activation in high interconnected computational networks resemble neural network
40
Retrieval purpose
Getting memories
41
Accessibility purpose
Can get info in memory system
42
Availability purpose
Info is in memory system or not
43
What is tip-of-tongue phenomenon?
Temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by feeling that its just out of reach
44
Retrieval cues definition
Stimuli that can help gain access to memories
45
Context cues definition
Remembrance by putting yourself back in the context in which the thing took place
46
Memories facts
1. Not perfect recollection of something — make it up as we go along
2. Memories are reconstructions based on info we think we know at the time, but not
47
What is misinformation effect?
Recall of witnessed event is altered by introducing misleading post-event info
48
Source monitoring definition
Process of making inferences about origins of memories
Quick fact: Make decisions memory at time of retrieval to determine where we got info
49
Source monitoring ERROR definition
Occurs when memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source
50
Forgetting (i forgor) Definition
Failure to remember something
51
Forgetting curve (i forgor) Definition
Graphs retention and forgetting overtime
52
Retention definition
proportion of material retained
53
Retention interval definition
length of time between presentation of something and measurement of forgetting
54
Recall definition
Requires the reproduction of info without any cues
55
Recognition definition
require selection of previous learned info from lots of options
56
Relearning definition
1. Requires memorization of into
2. second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by learning it before
57
Ineffective coding theory of forgetting definition
cant forget something you never learned in first place
58
Pseudo-forgetting definition
Forgetting cuz you never learned it, usually due to lack of attention
59
Decay theory of forgetting definition
Forget because memory traces fade overtime
Neural connections are strengthened through use
60
Interference theory of forgetting definition
Forget because info competes with other info
61
Retroactive interference definition
New info impairs retention of pervious learned info
62
Proactive interferences definition
Previous learned info interferes with retention of new info
63
Retrieval failure fact
not always great at getting info
64
Encoding specificity principle definition
Value of retrieval cues depends on how well it corresponds to memory code
65
State-dependent learning definition
Remember thing better if we are same state as when we learned them
66
Motivating forgetting definition
We dont want to remember something, consciously or unconsciously
67
Repression definition
Keeping distressing thoughts and feeling buried in unconscious (from psychodynamic theories)
68
Repressed memories definition
“remembering” abuse during childhood during therapy sessions, often under hypnosis, later turned out to be false
69
Repressed memories definition
1. Victims of childhood abuse (physical, psychological, sexual, etc) have trouble accurately remembering/reporting incidents several years later
2. Well-documented cases with supporting evidence from multiple sources
3. People who have PTSD have trouble remembering specific details of event that caused symptoms
70
Physiological of memory fact
maybe specific neural pathways that are created when we expect and consolidate info
71
Long tern potentiation (LTP) definition
long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapse along specific neural pathway
Fact: LTP seems to happen in hippocampus
72
Neurogenesis definition
Formation of new neurons contribute to formation of new memories
73
Retrograde amnesia definition
Loss of memories for events that occurred PRIOR to onset of amnesia
74
Anterograde amnesia definition
Loss of memories for events that occur AFTER onset of amnesia
75
Consolidation definition
hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of info into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory
76
Consolidation process
1. Process is chemical, physical and anatomical
2. Memories become unstabileres when retrieved and require reconsolidation to become stable again
3. Weaken and strength memory depending on what happens during reconsolidation
77
Types of memories
1. Implicit
2. Explicit
3. Declarative
4. Non-declarative (procedural)
5. Semantic
6. Episodic
7. Prospective
8. Retrospective
78
Implicit definition
memory that is apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that doesn’t require intentional remembering
79
Implicit memory facts
1. Mostly perceptually and motor
2. Primarily in cerebellum
3. Unconscious and unintentional recall strategies
80
Explicit memory definition
involves intentional recollection of previous experiences
81
Explicit memory facts
1. Mostly facts and events
2. Primarily in hippocampus and temporal lobe
3. Conscious and deliberate recall strategies used
82
Declarative memory purpose
Handles factual info
83
Non-declarative (procedural) memory propose
Handles memory for action, skill, operations, conditioned responses
84
Semantic memory definition
general knowledge that is not tied to the time when info was learned
85
Episodic memory definition
chronologically recollections of personal experience
86
Prospective memory purpose
remembering to do things in the future
87
Retrospective memory purpose
remembering events from past
