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Intro To Psychology > Lecture 5: Memory > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Encoding definition

A

formatting a new memory

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2
Q

Storage definition

A

maintaining encoded info in memory overtime

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3
Q

Retrieval definition

A

recovering info from memory stores

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4
Q

What is the purpose of encoding?

A

requires us to pay attention

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5
Q

Process of encoding

A
  1. Focus awareness a narrowed range of things or events
  2. Filter allows us to select specific sensory info
  3. Due to filtering during sensory input (early) or after the brain has processed the input (late) (scientists go 🧐)
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6
Q

What is the cocktail party phenomenon?

A

overhear name being mentioned despite paying attention to something else

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7
Q

Facts on multitasking

A
    • switch out attention back and forth between tasks instead of simultaneously paying attention to all of them
    • Bad for tasks that require full attention (driving)
    • Performance on given tasks is reduced when multitasking
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8
Q

Definition of “levels to process theory”

A

deeper level of process result in longer-lasting memory codes

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9
Q

Structural encoding definition

A

Shallow processing, focus on physical structure of stimuli (shape, colour, length etc)

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10
Q

Phonemic encoding definition

A

Emphasis on sound of words

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11
Q

Semantic encoding definition

A

Emphasis on meaning of word, think bout object. And action the words represent

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12
Q

How to enhance retention

A
  1. Elaboration
    - linking stimuli togther at time of encoding
    - - - Additional association + examples
  2. Visual imagery
    - - - Creation of visual images to repeat
    - - - Words to be remembered
    • -(Easy: table, pony, etc.) (hard: love, truth, justice)
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13
Q

Sensory memory definition

A

Info in its sensory for, that is stored for a brief time (only fraction of second)
- Example: Afterimage

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14
Q

Short term memory definition

A

limited capacity storage, that can maintain unrehearsed info up 4 20 secs

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15
Q

Rehearsal definition

A

process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking bout info

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16
Q

What are the 2 rehearsals?

A
  1. Maintenance rehearsal
  2. Elaborative rehearsal
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17
Q

Maintenance rehearsal definition

A

maintaining info in consciousness

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18
Q

Elaborative rehearsal definition

A

memory technology that involves thinking bout meaning of term (not repeating)

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19
Q

Short term memory facts

A
  1. info is lost in less then 20 secs without rehearsal 2. Mostly due to inference from competing material
  2. Can remember 4 (+/-) items
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20
Q

Chunking definition

A

group stimuli into units
Example: (phone number)

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21
Q

Short-term memory as “working memory” process

A
  1. working memory
  2. Phonological loop
  3. Visuospatial sketchpad
  4. Central executive system
  5. Episodic buffer
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22
Q

working memory purpose

A
  • limited capacity storage system
  • temporarily maintains and stores info by providing interface between perception, memory and action
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23
Q

Phonological loop purpose

A

use recitation to temporarily remember something

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24
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad purpose

A

temporary hold and manipulate visual images

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25
Q

Central executive system purpose

A
  1. Controls attention
  2. Controls switching
  3. Dividing attention
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26
Q

Episodic buffer purpose

A
  1. allows components of working memory to intergrate info.
  2. Acts as interface between short-term and long-term memory
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27
Q

Memory capacity definition

A

ability to hold and manipulate info in conscious attention

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28
Q

Memory capacity purpose

A

can temporarily reduce when under pressure or when ruminating on something else

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29
Q

Memory associated with high-level cognitive abilities examples

A
  1. Reading comprehension
  2. Complex reading
  3. General intelligence
  4. Playing musical instruments
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30
Q

Long term memory definition

A

Unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time

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31
Q

Flash-bulb memories definition

A

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

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32
Q

Facts about flashbulb memories

A
  1. supports idea that memories are permanent
  2. Become faded overtime
  3. Vivid, so therefore more confident
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33
Q

Clustering definition

A

tendency to remember similar or related items in groups

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34
Q

Conceptual hierarchy definition

A

multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

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35
Q

Schemas definition and facts

A

Definition:
- Organized cluster of knowledge about particular object or event

Facts:
- Abstract from previous experience with object or even
- Remember things that are consistent with schemas, but seem really odd of place

36
Q

Semantic networks definition

A

Nodes of representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts

37
Q

Connectionist models definition

A

Memory based on neural networks handle info
Parallel distribution process

38
Q

Parallel distribution process definition

A

Simultaneous process of same info spread across neuron networks

39
Q

Cognitive process definition

A

Depend pattern of activation in high interconnected computational networks resemble neural network

40
Q

Retrieval purpose

A

Getting memories

41
Q

Accessibility purpose

A

Can get info in memory system

42
Q

Availability purpose

A

Info is in memory system or not

43
Q

What is tip-of-tongue phenomenon?

A

Temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by feeling that its just out of reach

44
Q

Retrieval cues definition

A

Stimuli that can help gain access to memories

45
Q

Context cues definition

A

Remembrance by putting yourself back in the context in which the thing took place

46
Q

Memories facts

A
  1. Not perfect recollection of something — make it up as we go along
  2. Memories are reconstructions based on info we think we know at the time, but not
47
Q

What is misinformation effect?

A

Recall of witnessed event is altered by introducing misleading post-event info

48
Q

Source monitoring definition

A

Process of making inferences about origins of memories

Quick fact: Make decisions memory at time of retrieval to determine where we got info

49
Q

Source monitoring ERROR definition

A

Occurs when memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

50
Q

Forgetting (i forgor) Definition

A

Failure to remember something

51
Q

Forgetting curve (i forgor) Definition

A

Graphs retention and forgetting overtime

52
Q

Retention definition

A

proportion of material retained

53
Q

Retention interval definition

A

length of time between presentation of something and measurement of forgetting

54
Q

Recall definition

A

Requires the reproduction of info without any cues

55
Q

Recognition definition

A

require selection of previous learned info from lots of options

56
Q

Relearning definition

A
  1. Requires memorization of into
  2. second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by learning it before
57
Q

Ineffective coding theory of forgetting definition

A

cant forget something you never learned in first place

58
Q

Pseudo-forgetting definition

A

Forgetting cuz you never learned it, usually due to lack of attention

59
Q

Decay theory of forgetting definition

A

Forget because memory traces fade overtime
Neural connections are strengthened through use

60
Q

Interference theory of forgetting definition

A

Forget because info competes with other info

61
Q

Retroactive interference definition

A

New info impairs retention of pervious learned info

62
Q

Proactive interferences definition

A

Previous learned info interferes with retention of new info

63
Q

Retrieval failure fact

A

not always great at getting info

64
Q

Encoding specificity principle definition

A

Value of retrieval cues depends on how well it corresponds to memory code

65
Q

State-dependent learning definition

A

Remember thing better if we are same state as when we learned them

66
Q

Motivating forgetting definition

A

We dont want to remember something, consciously or unconsciously

67
Q

Repression definition

A

Keeping distressing thoughts and feeling buried in unconscious (from psychodynamic theories)

68
Q

Repressed memories definition

A

“remembering” abuse during childhood during therapy sessions, often under hypnosis, later turned out to be false

69
Q

Repressed memories definition

A
  1. Victims of childhood abuse (physical, psychological, sexual, etc) have trouble accurately remembering/reporting incidents several years later
  2. Well-documented cases with supporting evidence from multiple sources
  3. People who have PTSD have trouble remembering specific details of event that caused symptoms
70
Q

Physiological of memory fact

A

maybe specific neural pathways that are created when we expect and consolidate info

71
Q

Long tern potentiation (LTP) definition

A

long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapse along specific neural pathway

Fact: LTP seems to happen in hippocampus

72
Q

Neurogenesis definition

A

Formation of new neurons contribute to formation of new memories

73
Q

Retrograde amnesia definition

A

Loss of memories for events that occurred PRIOR to onset of amnesia

74
Q

Anterograde amnesia definition

A

Loss of memories for events that occur AFTER onset of amnesia

75
Q

Consolidation definition

A

hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of info into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory

76
Q

Consolidation process

A
  1. Process is chemical, physical and anatomical
  2. Memories become unstabileres when retrieved and require reconsolidation to become stable again
  3. Weaken and strength memory depending on what happens during reconsolidation
77
Q

Types of memories

A
  1. Implicit
  2. Explicit
  3. Declarative
  4. Non-declarative (procedural)
  5. Semantic
  6. Episodic
  7. Prospective
  8. Retrospective
78
Q

Implicit definition

A

memory that is apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that doesn’t require intentional remembering

79
Q

Implicit memory facts

A
  1. Mostly perceptually and motor
    1. Primarily in cerebellum
    2. Unconscious and unintentional recall strategies
80
Q

Explicit memory definition

A

involves intentional recollection of previous experiences

81
Q

Explicit memory facts

A
  1. Mostly facts and events
    1. Primarily in hippocampus and temporal lobe
    2. Conscious and deliberate recall strategies used
82
Q

Declarative memory purpose

A

Handles factual info

83
Q

Non-declarative (procedural) memory propose

A

Handles memory for action, skill, operations, conditioned responses

84
Q

Semantic memory definition

A

general knowledge that is not tied to the time when info was learned

85
Q

Episodic memory definition

A

chronologically recollections of personal experience

86
Q

Prospective memory purpose

A

remembering to do things in the future

87
Q

Retrospective memory purpose

A

remembering events from past

Intro To Psychology (28 decks)

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