Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro To Psychology > Lecture 4: Learning > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Learning Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is learning?

A
  1. Any relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience

(Stereotypically think of learning as active learning through to taking lessons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is conditioning?

A

Learning connections between events that occur in an organism’s environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How did conditioning develop?

A
  1. Start learning in utero and continue to learning throughout our lifespan
  2. Can be purely physical (drop something & falls)
  3. Can be purely psychological (insult someone and they get angry or sad)
  4. Can be combo of both
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Unconditioned STIMULUS?

A

Evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is unconditioned RESPONSE?

A

Reaction to an unconditioned response that occurs without previous conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is CONDITIONED STIMULUS?

A

Previously neutral stimulus that has through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a CONDITIONED RESPONSE?

A

Learned reaction to a conditioning stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is evaluative conditioning?

A

Changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from a pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli

Example: advertisement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is compensatory conditioning?

A

Automatic response that is the opposite of the effect of the substance taken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does addiction form using compensatory conditioning?

A
  1. Environment vacations that become part of routine
    - - (taking substances to act to maintain internal balance ((homeostasis) in physiological processes
  2. Absence of compensatory CR’s, effect of substance might be larger then previously expected - - (have withdrawals of the drug, and break into symptoms. Which makes recovery difficult)
  3. Makes quitting difficult as environmental cues act as trigger for cravings
    - - example: eat sweets and is triggered with repetitive behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do we become conditioned?

A
  1. Acquisition
  2. Stimulus contiguity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is acquisition?

A

Initial stage of learning something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is stimulus contiguity?

A

Stimuli need to occur roughy around the same time and near each other to be paired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Facts about stimulus contiguity

A
  1. Shorter relations give a higher response in conditioning, the further apart they are; the harder it is to learn that response
  2. Not all stimuli that are paired together end up producing conditioned responses
    - - novelty of stimuli
    - - unusualness
    - - intensity
  3. Can be conditioned after one pairing (highly traumatic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is extinction?

A

Gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the process of extinction?

A
  1. When the conditioned stimulus is presented consistently without the unconditioned stimulus
  2. The conditioned response gradually fades away
  3. This is how we get rid of conditioning (get rid of conditioned response, to conditioned stimulus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Spontaneous recovery?

A

Reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Process of spontaneous recovery

A
  1. Keep whistle (give food), keep whistle (give food), whistle (no food)
  2. whistle, whistle, whistle
  3. dog gives up
  4. wait prolonged period of time and whistle (reaction is less prominent)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the renewal effect?

A
  1. if a response is extinguished in a different environment that it was acquired
  2. the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do spontaneous recovery and renewal effect suggest?

A

Extinction merely suppresses the conditioning instead of eliminating it entirely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A
  1. Organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus
  2. Responds in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Stimulus Discrimination?

A
  1. When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus
  2. Does not respond in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is high-order conditioning?

A

Conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

Example: Pairing a light with the conditioned tone will eventually evoke salivation in dogs, conditioned to respond at the tone

Fact: Can transferred two learned responses if they’re paired together enough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are signal relations?

A

Environmental stimuli serve as signals and some are better then others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Good Signal?

A

Allowing for accurate prediction of the unconditioned stimulus

Example 1: Shock + music = 100% in a controlled manner [get shocked and then music tone] : CS + UCS = 100%

Example 2: Shock + music = 50% if randomly moved and in a non-controlled area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is evolutionary preparedness?

A
  1. Biological predispositions that up your survival instincts (stimuli, responses, and reinforcers)
  2. They are often fit with genetic traits for the point of survival
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Facts about evolutionary preparedness

A
  1. Much more likely to develop phobias for things that would have been dangerous to our ancestors (spiders, snakes, clowns)
  2. Preparedness for certain kinds of conditioning
  3. Easily develop aversions to certain things
    Example: (I ate chocolate when I was young and now when I smell it I get sick, even though it’s just when I ate it)
29
Q

What is Operant conditioning?

A

Form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Example: fuck around, and find out

30
Q

What is Thorndyke’s law of effect?

A

responses that lead to satisfying effects strengthens the stimulus-response pairing

31
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

When an event following a response increases an organisms tendency to make that response?

32
Q

Stimuli added + behaviour increase = ????

A

positive reinforcement

Example: parents paying you to get good grades

33
Q

Stimuli added + behaviour decrease = ???

A

positive punishment

Example: giving something to a screaming child to make the behaviour stop

34
Q

Stimuli removed + behaviour increase = ????

A

negative reinforcement

Example: give a horrible noise to people in order to encourage to put their seatbelts on

35
Q

Stimuli removed + behaviour decreases = ???

A

Negative punishment

Example: getting grounded for a week

36
Q

What are primary reinforcers?

A

Inherently satisfy biological needs

Example: Food, warmth, water, sex, affection

37
Q

What are secondary reinforcers?

A

acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

Examples: Money, grades, expensive items

38
Q

What is terror management theory?

A

we do most of what we do in order to defy our own morality

Example: we are afraid of dying so we do everything we can to make us live longer

39
Q

What is shaping?

A

reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response

40
Q

Shaping process

A
  1. Give pigeon food when it TURNS towards button
  2. Give pigeon food when it WALKS towards button
  3. Give food when it lifts its head to button height
  4. Give food when it pushes button
41
Q

What is resistance to extinction?

A

organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has terminated

42
Q

What is discriminative stimuli?

A

Cues that influence operant behaviour by indicating the probable consequences of a response

(Governed by stimulus generalization and discrimination, similar to classical conditioning)

43
Q

What is schedule of reinforcement?

A

determines which occurrences of a specific response will result in the presentation of a reinforcer

44
Q

What are the types of schedule reinforcement?

A
  1. Continuous reinforcement
  2. Intermittent
  3. Fixed-ratio schedule
  4. Variable-ratio schedule
45
Q

Facts of continuous reinforcement

A
  1. Every instance of a designated response is reinforced
    (If i press a button 3 times i get a treat)
46
Q

What is intermittent?

A

Designated response is reinforced only some of the time

47
Q

What is fixed-ratio schedule?

A

Reinforcer is given after a fixed number or non-reinforced responses
- (3rd or 4th response)

48
Q

What is a Variable-ratio schedule?

A

The reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses

49
Q

What is fixed-interval?

A

reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed interval has elapsed

(they’ll do it every so often)

50
Q

What is variable-interval?

A

reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

51
Q

Process of variable-interval?

A
  1. If reward schedule is fixed, most organisms quickly figure out the pattern through trial and error as long as the reward is consistent
  2. Shaping required for complex behaviours that are outside of organism’s typical response
  3. If reward schedule is random, organisms display behaviours that are superstitious in nature
52
Q

Superstitious behaviour facts

A
  1. Pigeons would repeat whatever behaviour they were doing prior to the reward
  2. Accidental reinforcement due to random reward schedule
  3. Random responses in human drive make us see non-existent patterns and derive meaning/agency where none is present
  4. We see something that looks like a pattern and when we try to find the pattern we develop superstitious behaviours
53
Q

Superstitious behaviours in pigeons

A
  1. Turning counter-clockwise
  2. repeatedly thrusting its head into a corner
  3. “lifting an invisible bar”
54
Q

What does “post hoc ergo propter hoc” mean?

A

after this, therefore, because of this

  • Just because something preceded an event, does not mean that it caused the event
55
Q

What is Escape learning?

A

An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

56
Q

Process of escape learning

A
  1. Rat learns to run through a door to escape the shock on the floor
  2. Buckle our seatbelt to get rid of the annoying sound
  3. Pushing the button to turn off the alarm
57
Q

What is avoidance learning?

A

organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring

Example: - anticipating something unpleasant and escaping before it occurs

58
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A
  1. a mental state in which an organism forced to bear aversive stimuli
  2. stimuli that are painful or otherwise unpleasant, becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli
  3. even if they are “escapable” presumably because it has learned that it cannot
59
Q

What is latent learning?

A

learning that is not apparent when it first occurs

60
Q

What is observational learning?

A

an organism’s responding, is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models

61
Q

What is attention?

A

you need to focus on what the model is doing in order to learn

62
Q

What is retention?

A

you may not have an immediate need for what you learned, so you need to remember it

63
Q

What is reproduction?

A

how accurately you can do the thing you saw

64
Q

What is motivation?

A

do you actually want to do it and do you think it will pay off for you?

65
Q

Children and observational learning?

A

Watch Bandura’s experiment regarding a doll and children

66
Q

Facts about Bandura’s experiment

A
  1. Children are highly perceptive and eager to learn how adults handle a variety of situation
  2. Parents/caregivers are continuously modelling behaviours that children are picking up on (without awareness of parents)
  3. Parents rarely think about or ask themselves “is this what I want for my children?”
67
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Neurons activated by performing an action or by seeing someone else perform the same action

68
Q

Facts about mirror neurons

A
    • Internally represent action
    • May be the biological mechanism that allows for observational learning
    • Have argued that mirror Neurons may be the basis for perspective taking, sympathy and even empathy
    • Ongoing research is trying to see if deficits in mirror neurons are responsible for certain types of asocial symptoms of psychological disorders

Intro To Psychology (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions