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Intro To Psychology > Lecture 6: Language > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Language definition

A

the systemic, meaningful arrangement of symbols

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2
Q

Parts of language

A
  1. Phonology
  2. Phonemes
  3. Morphemes
  4. Semantics
  5. Linguistic comprehension
  6. Linguistic production
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3
Q

Phonology definition

A

basic sounds of language

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4
Q

Phonemes definition

A

can be combined to produce words and sentences

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5
Q

Morphemes definition

A

smallest language unit that has meaning

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6
Q

Semantics definition

A

rules that govern meaning of words and sentences

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7
Q

Linguistic comprehension definition

A

understand speech

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8
Q

Linguistic production definition

A

use of language to communicate

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9
Q

How do you acquire language?

A
  1. Unspecialized brain
  2. Proto-understanding of probability
  3. Human interaction
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10
Q

Acquire language facts

A
  • Lack of brain + brain be specialized to enviro.
  • Language made of words
  • Neural pathways used more often get reinforced, ones not used are terminated or repurposed
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11
Q

Statistical probability definition and fact

A

Definition: uses string of syllables, and phonemes always follow another

Fact: Habituate an infant, the change it, infants will notice change

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12
Q

Learning theory and language acquisition facts

A
  1. Cause by classical and operant conditioning
    • Pairing of stimuli to point where response to first 2. stimuli will also be produced by second stimulus alone
  2. caregivers respond to infants’ utterance and reinforce verbal behaviours (verbal praise)
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13
Q

Who was the founder of Nativist Theory and Language Acquisition?

A

Noam Chomsky

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14
Q

Poverty of stimulus argument

A
  1. Children are not exposed to every grammatical rule to learn language
  2. Children are able to construct sentences that they’ve never been exposed to previously
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15
Q

Language acquisition device (LAD) definition and facts

A

Definition: Innate facilitator of language
- Permits infants to learn fast and efficient
- Analyze everyday speech and determine its rules

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16
Q

Universal grammar definition

A

LAD innate storehouse

Fact: Language does not emerge in a finished form or occur as quickly and requires more effort on part of children

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17
Q

Interactionist Perspective + Language acquisition process

A
  1. Language development is complex influenced by maturation and context
  2. People have innate needs for communication
  3. Responsiveness to infants’ vocalization predicts language development
  4. Infant-directed speech (baby talk but more tolerable)
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18
Q

Critical Period definition and fact

A
  • limited time span when development is optimal for certain capacities to emerge, especially responsive to certain exp.
    1. Young infants/children are ideal in learning a language
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19
Q

Pre-linguistic communication stages

A
  1. At birth — infants cry
  2. 2-3 months — infants coo
  3. 6 months — infants babble
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20
Q

Socially interactive process definition

A

Babies learn by hearing others speak and reactions of others

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21
Q

First word stages

A
  1. 1yr, infant speaks first word
  2. Holophrase
  3. 13 months of age
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22
Q

Holophrase definition

A

one-word expressions

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23
Q

What do infants do at 13 months of age?

A

infants begin to quickly learn meaning of new word

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24
Q

Learning words stages

A
  1. Fast mapping
  2. Name explosion
  3. Under-extension
  4. Overextension
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25
Q

Fast mapping definition

A

process of quickly acquiring and retaining a word after hearing it applied

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26
Q

Name explosion definiton

A

vocab spurt

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27
Q

Under-extension definition

A

using words to narrowly, so word is used more restricted to single object

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28
Q

Overextension definition

A

applying word too broadly

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29
Q

Two-word utterances

A

A) Telegraphic speech
B) 20-30 months children showing competence using syntax

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30
Q

Interactionist perspective + language (further expanded)

A
  1. Expansion
  2. Recast
  3. Cultural shapes in language
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31
Q

Expansion

A

Enriched versions of child’s statement
(Want cookie —> i want cookie)

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32
Q

Recast

A

Adults change children’s sentences into new grammatical forms
(Juice please —> i would like some juice, please)

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33
Q

Cultural shapes in language

A
  1. Parents from diff. Cultures differ in how and how often respond to infants
  2. Points to biology and context
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34
Q

Vocab: early childhood

A

A) 2yrs = 500 words
B) 3yrs = 900-1000 words
C) 6yrs = 2,600 words, understand 20,000

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35
Q

Logical extension

A

Extend new words to other objects in same category

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36
Q

Mutually exclusivity assumption

A

Tend to assume that new words are labels for unfamiliar objects

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37
Q

Vocab: early grammar

A

A) 3yr old use plurals, possessives, + past tense
B) use pronouns

38
Q

Overgeneralization errors

A

Grammatical mistakes that young children make cuz they’re appointing grammatically rules to stringently

(Catched instead of “caught” by using past tense — ed’ rule)

39
Q

Vocab and school

A

A) end of elementary = 40,000 words
B) understand root words
C) learn there are lots of differences to describe an action, but differ slightly in meaning
D) some words have more then 1 meaning
E) words acquired incidentally from uses in writing and verbal context rather than through explicit vocab instructions

40
Q

Pragmatics

A
  1. Practical application to communicate
  2. Change speech responses to needs of listeners
  3. Develop use of irony
41
Q

Bilingualism question: does 2> language slow development?

A
  1. No, if child learns more languages they have more words compared to other children
  2. Ppl have faster language processing speed, cognitive flexibility, analytical reasoning, selective attention, and metalinguistic awareness
42
Q

Can animals develop language?

A

YES!
- taught chimps and gorillas to sign language
- conditioned to use sign language, don’t understand it
- grammatical rules hard to understand
- sea lions, parrots have been taught language-like skills

43
Q

Evolutionary reasons for language

A
  1. Humans form language and most languages are complex
  2. Advantage in evolutionary advantage in able to get info more sources then first-hand experience
  3. Not sure why language skulls are evolved
44
Q

Linguistic relativity

A

One language determines nature of ones thought

45
Q

Linguistic relativity criteria

A
  1. Cultural differences in important of some thing create more words to distinguish them
  2. Quickly learnt use language to communicate our thoughts and feelings to others
  3. Tend to use words we think — inner monologue
  4. People’s who language doesn’t distinguish between blue or green are slower to make those visual distinctions, compared to visual distinctions than people who languages differ blue and green
46
Q

COGNITION

A

mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and senses

47
Q

Mental process that take place in brain

A
  1. thinking
  2. attention
  3. language
  4. learning
  5. memory
  6. perception
48
Q

4 pillars of cognition

A
  1. Working memory
  2. Processing speed
  3. Attention
  4. Executive functioning
49
Q

Concepts

A

mental grouping of similar objects, people, ideas or events

  • Example: concept of tree
50
Q

Prototype

A
  1. mental image or pinnacle of example of a certain thing
  2. The first thing that comes to mind when hearing words (dog)
51
Q

Prototype

A
  1. mental image or pinnacle of example of a certain thing
  2. The first thing that comes to mind when hearing words (dog)
52
Q

Adaptation

A
  • building concepts/schemas through direct interaction with the environment

(First time encountering something, need to create concept for it)

53
Q

Assimilation

A
  • use pre-existing schemas to interact with the world

(Something new fits existing category, so lump it in category as well)

54
Q

Accommodation

A
  • create a new category or assimilation after realizing that our schemas don’t accurately fit

Example:
concept of swans (swans were white, until they discovered black ones) (assimilation - cat, accommodation - hairless cat)

55
Q

Equilibrium

A

Little cognitive changes: more assimilation then accommodation, schemas match outside world

56
Q

Disequilibrium

A

More cognitive change, more accommodation as schemas don’t match outside world very well

57
Q

Equilibration

A

Back + forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium

  • people want equilibrium but no
  • Desire for cognitive equilibrium is basis for cognitive change
58
Q

Problem solving

A

active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable

59
Q

Problem inducing structure

A
  • requires ppl discover relationship among numbers, words, symbols or ideas
60
Q

Problem of arrangement

A
  • requires people to arrange parts of problem in way that satisfies criterion
61
Q

Problem of transformation:

A
  • requires ppl to carry out sequence of transformations in order to reach specific goal
62
Q

Barriers to problem solving

A
  1. Irrelevant info
  2. Functional fixedness
  3. Mental sets
  4. Unnecessary constraints
63
Q

Irrelevant info

A

info you don’t need to solve the problem and distract you from finding a solution

64
Q

Functional fixedness

A

tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

65
Q

Mental sets

A

ppl persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

66
Q

Unnecessary constraints

A

don’t assume limits exist

67
Q

Approaches to problem solving

A
  1. Insight
  2. Problem space
  3. Trial and error
  4. Algorithm
  5. Heuristics
68
Q

Insight

A

sudden discovery of correct solution following incorrect attempts based on primarily trial and error

69
Q

Problem space

A

set of pathways to a solution considering by the problem solver

70
Q

Trial and error

A

trying possible solutions and discoursing those that are in error until one works

71
Q

Algorithm

A

methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying possible alternatives in searching for a solution (math problem ((3,6,9)

72
Q

Heuristics

A

Guiding principle or “rule of thumb” used in solving problems or making decisions

73
Q

Types of Heuristics

A
  1. Availability heuristic
  2. Representativeness heuristic
74
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Basic the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

75
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Basing estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to typical prototype of event

76
Q

Forming subgoals

A

creating intermediate steps towards a goal

77
Q

Search for analogies

A

looking for similarities between things to use similar strategies

78
Q

Changing representation of the problem

A
  1. represent problem by using words, numbers, shapes, etc.
  2. Reframing question to give you different perspective of the problem
79
Q

Incubation effect

A
  • New solutions come into our conscious mind for a previously unsolved problem after a period Go no yt consciously thinking about the problem

(Brain continues to work on problem when you’re not consciously aware of it)

80
Q

Decision making

A
  • evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
81
Q

Basic strategies

A
  1. using preferences — too many choices lead to uncertainty about decision
  2. Thinking too much about complex decisions lead to dissatisfaction
82
Q

Risky decision making

A

making choices under conditions of uncertainty

83
Q

Bad choices/decisions

A
  1. Subjective utility
  2. Subjective probability
84
Q

Subjective utility

A

what outcome is personally worth to the individual

85
Q

Subjective probability

A

personal estimates of the odd

Example: Gambling and casino, DnD, A is more probably then A + something else

86
Q

Conjunction fallacy

A
  • people estimate odds of two uncertain events happening together, greater alone than the odds of either event happening alone
87
Q

Gambler’s fallacy

A
  • event is believed to be more or less likely given previous events
88
Q

Anchoring bias

A
  • tendency to rely too heavily on trait or piece of info when making decisions
89
Q

Confirmation bias

A
  • tendency to focus on information that confirms what we already know rather than searching for info we know is wrong
90
Q

Egocentric bias

A
  • tendency to focus on our own perspective and/or have a different perception of oneself relative to others
91
Q

Framing effect

A
  • how you structure a question influences how it’s answered
92
Q

Logical fallacies

A
  • errors in reasoning that undermine logic of argument

Intro To Psychology (28 decks)

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