Lecture 8 P2: Development

Question 1

Vygotsky theory of development: sociocultural perspective

Answer 1

1. Embedded in context that shapes how we think and who we become
2. Learning comes from collaborating with others
3. Guided participation/apprenticeship in thinking

Question 2

Guided participation/apprenticeship in thinking

Answer 2

Form of sensitive teaching which one partner is attended to needs of child. Helps him or her accomplish more then child could do alone

Question 3

Zone of proximal development

Answer 3

Gap btwn child’s competence level (what he can do alone, what to do with assistance)

Small circle: learner can do independently
Medium circle: learner can do with guidance
Large circle: learner cannot do

Question 4

Vygotsky : cultural tools

Answer 4

Actual physical items, intellectual, conceptual framework for solving problems

Ex:
Language
Alphabet/numbering schemes
Math/science system
Religious system

Question 5

Early adulthood: post formal reasoning

Answer 5

Stage beyond Piaget formal operations stage

Question 6

Facts: early adulthood post formal

Answer 6

believed to be more flexible/logical/moral/intellectual then previous stages
- social interaction being a critical influence on development of post formal reasoning
- examine how thinking + problem solving are reconstructed in adulthood to integrate abstract reasoning with practical consideration

Question 7

Epistemic cognition

Answer 7

Ways which individuals understand arriving at ideas, beliefs, and conclusions
(College students originally view knowledge as set of facts, learning is acquired)

Question 8

Dualistic thinking

Answer 8

Polar reasoning which knowledge and accounts of phenomena are viewed as either right or wrong (no-inbtwn)

(Don’t understanding conflicting arguments may have supporting evidence)

Question 9

Relativistic thinking

Answer 9

Knowledge is viewed as relative dependent on situation and thinking
(College students recognize beliefs are subjective, multiple perspectives and issues)

Question 10

Reflective judgement

Answer 10

Reasoning that synthesizes contradictions among perspectives

(Adults begin to realize opinions + options can be evaluated)
(Development beyond formal operations being dependent on meta cognition and exp.)

Question 11

Attachment: Bowlby’s ethological perspective

Answer 11

1. Attachment is adaptive behaviour/evolved bc it contributed to survival of human species
2. Ensures infant + caregiver will remain in close proximity, for survival of infant

Question 12

Oxytocin

Answer 12

Hormone associated with emotional bonding

Question 13

Attachment formation and permit progresses

Answer 13

1. Several development phases which infants’ behaviour become increasingly organized, adaptable, and intentional
2. Permit infants to explore world, using attachment figure as secure base

Question 14

Attachment: psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 14

1. Attachment boils down to oral stimulation during oral stage
2. Breastfeeding child + bonds develop
3. Motivation for attachment deceives from gratification
4. Doesn’t account for how child forms attachment to dad or other caregivers not feeding child

Question 15

Harlow’s study

Answer 15

the monkey experimentation

Question 16

3 types of attachment

Answer 16

1. secure
2. anxious attachment
3. avoidant attachment

Question 17

secure

Answer 17

View Mother as
secure base from which they are able to explore their
environment

Question 18

anxious

Answer 18

characterized by tentative behavior,
aren’t sure if it’s safe to explore, doesn’t stray too far from
mother

Question 19

avoidant

Answer 19

doesn’t pay much attention to mother or
stranger, doesn’t look to mother during play

Question 20

cultural issues in attachment: Western concepts

Answer 20

• Parental sensitivity to the child
• Secure attachment leads to better social competence
• Using parent as secure bas

emphasis on autonomy, individuality, and parents are a secure base

Question 21

childcare and attachment

Answer 21

1. no negative correlation for childcare
2. children who have moms with less sensitivity and low childcare develop insecure attachment
3. good childcare = overall better life for child regarding education and opportunities

Question 22

moral development: psychoanalytic

Answer 22

1. driven by self interested drive and instincts
2. internalization of social norms that we curb our behaviour

Question 23

moral development: behavioural theory

Answer 23

1. not good not bad
2. reinforcement and conditioning make us one way or another

Question 24

newest data: moral development

Answer 24

majority of toddlers will help someone without pushing or prodding

Question 25

empathy and infants: behaviourism

Answer 25

simple stimulus response and newborns dont cry when they hear their own cry being played back to them

Question 26

hepach, vanish, tomastello: motivation of a 2yr old

Answer 26

1. out of reach helping task
2. compared if kids are getting credit for it or for sake of person being helped
3. just happy to see if person is getting helped out

Question 27

moral development facts

Answer 27

1. toddlers able to help in all kinds of situations
2. parent in room makes no difference if child wants to help
3. sharing depends

Question 28

moral development facts: children

Answer 28

1. active in constructing their own moral value through social experiments
2. children ages 3 can differentiate between moral imperatives

Question 29

moral and conventional rules: pre-teens and older children

Answer 29

1. develop more compressible understanding of relations and social conventions
2. consider situation and weigh variables in decision making

Question 30

moral and conventional rules: children

Answer 30

1. conventional adult rules seen as legit then those created by children
2. school-age children also consider intent and context

Question 31

moral development: cross-culture

Answer 31

children in diverse cultures differ moral, social, conventional and personal issues
(independent vs interdependent culture)

Question 32

cross culture moral development: social exp

Answer 32

1. social exp helps young develop conceptions about justice and fairness
2. how adults discuss truth and moral issue is how children come to understand