lecture 11 p1: psychological challenges

Question 1

Modern Approaches

Answer 1

● Historical Treatments and Perceptions
● Emergence of Modern Psychology
● Shift to Medical Model
● Diathesis-Stress Model
● Nature-Nurture Interaction Approach
● Individual Variability
● Biopsychosocial Assessment
● Biological Factors
● Psychological Factors
● Social Factors
● Holistic Treatment Approach

Question 2

Historical Treatments and Perceptions

Answer 2

○ Individuals with psychological disorders were often treated poorly, confined in asylums and subjected to harsh treatments.
○ Various experimental treatments included ice water submersion, painful electrical shocks, and prolonged incarceration.

Question 3

Emergence of Modern Psychology

Answer 3

○ In the 17th and 18th centuries, modern psychology began to emerge.
○ Dissections and anatomical studies contributed to a better understanding of the human body.

Question 4

Shift to Medical Model

Answer 4

○ The medical model gained prominence, focusing on moral treatment that advocated respect and dignity for those with psychological disorders.
○ In the 19th century, differentiation between somatogenic (born from the body) and psychogenic (born from the mind) causes emerged.

Question 5

Diathesis-Stress Model

Answer 5

○ The diathesis-stress model became prominent, considering vulnerability factors (genetic predispositions, biological characteristics, psychological traits) coupled with stressors.
○ Psychological disorders may manifest when vulnerability factors interact with environmental stressors.

Question 6

Nature-Nurture Interaction Approach

Answer 6

○ The model emphasizes the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental stressors.
○ Stressors are essential triggers for psychological disorders, and vulnerabilities alone may not lead to manifestation.

Question 7

Individual Variability

Answer 7

○ Explanation for why individuals exposed to similar stressors may develop different psychological outcomes.
○ The nature of vulnerabilities, types of stressors, and other individual factors contribute to variability in outcomes.

Question 8

Biopsychosocial Assessment

Answer 8

○ Contemporary assessments involve a biopsychosocial approach.
○ Evaluation includes biological factors (physiological health), psychological factors, and social factors to understand and address psychological disorders.

Question 9

Biological Factors

Answer 9

○ Assessment involves understanding physiological and biological aspects of an individual.
○ Some psychological symptoms may be linked to physical health issues, emphasizing the holistic nature of mental health.

Question 10

Psychological Factors

Answer 10

○ Exploration of psychological traits, traits, and conditions.
○ Mental health evaluations consider cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects.

Question 11

Social Factors

Answer 11

○ Analysis of an individual’s social context, support systems, and environmental stressors.
○ Social factors play a crucial role in the development and manifestation of psychological disorders.

Question 12

Holistic Treatment Approach

Answer 12

○ Comprehensive understanding informs holistic treatment approaches.
○ Treatment plans address biological, psychological, and social aspects to provide effective and individualized care.

Question 13

Holistic Treatment Approach: core beliefs

Answer 13

■ Mental health is intricately connected to physical health, emphasizing the importance of understanding both for a comprehensive view.
■ A person’s mental well-being relies on the health of their brain and overall physical condition.

Question 14

Holistic Treatment Approach:
social influences and factors

Answer 14

■ Social factors, such as job, family, friends, and support systems, play a crucial role in mental health.
■ Understanding an individual’s social context helps identify the source of symptoms.

Question 15

Holistic Treatment approach:
Biopsychosocial Framework

Answer 15

■ A modern framework integrates biological, psychological, and social factors for a holistic assessment.
■ Biological aspects involve physiological health, psychological aspects include habits and personality traits, and social factors encompass the individual’s environment.

Question 16

Holistic Treatment approach:
Diagnostic Process

Answer 16

■ Diagnosis involves a thorough assessment of an individual’s physical, psychological, and social well-being.
■ Accurate measurement tools, quality information, and the clinician’s judgment contribute to a reliable diagnosis.

Question 17

Holistic Treatment approach:
Individual’s Ability to Express

Answer 17

■ The accuracy of diagnosis relies on the individual’s ability to express themselves and provide relevant information.
■ Limited information may hinder the diagnostic process, necessitating access to medical records or additional examinations.

Question 18

Holistic Treatment approach:
Assessment Measures

Answer 18

■ Diagnostic assessments employ various measures, considering reliability, validity, and standardization.
■ The assessment involves clinical interviews, mental status exams, physical examinations, behavioral observations, psychological testing, and neuroimaging.

Question 19

Holistic Treatment approach:
Cultural Relevance in Assessment

Answer 19

■ Cultural relevance is crucial in assessments to ensure a fair understanding of intelligence and cognitive abilities.
■ Cultural familiarity affects the interpretation of images and concepts used in assessments.

Question 20

Holistic Treatment approach:
Diathesis-Stress Model in Diagnosis

Answer 20

■ The diathesis-stress model aids in understanding psychological disorders, emphasizing vulnerability factors and environmental stressors.
■ Diagnosis considers an individual’s predisposition and the presence of stressors triggering psychological symptoms.

Question 21

Holistic Treatment approach:
The Role of Assessment Tools

Answer 21

■ Reliable and valid assessment tools contribute to the accuracy of a diagnosis.
■ Clinicians rely on a combination of tools and judgment to determine the nature of a psychological disorder.

Question 22

Holistic Treatment approach:
Cultural Relevance in Cognitive Tests

Answer 22

■ Cultural familiarity is essential in cognitive tests to ensure fairness and accuracy.
■ Pop culture references may be outdated, impacting the cultural relevance of certain assessments.

Question 23

Holistic Treatment approach:
Classification and Categorization

Answer 23

■ Psychological disorders are classified to create meaningful categories with shared attributes.
■ Classification helps in organizing and understanding various disorders within the field of psychology.

Question 24

Holistic Treatment approach:

Answer 24

■ Cultural awareness is crucial in diagnosis, preventing biases and ensuring a fair evaluation.
■ The recognition of cultural diversity contributes to a more accurate understanding of psychological well-being.

Question 25

Psychological Disorders

Answer 25

● Anxiety Disorders
● Depressive Disorders
● Schizophrenia

Question 26

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 26

○ Named for common components like worrying, apprehension, and tension.
○ Reflects the shared attributes of distress and unease in individuals.

Question 27

Depressive Disorders

Answer 27

○ Evolved to “mood disorders” to encompass a broader range of mood-related issues.
○ Reflects the impact on mood and feelings rather than solely focusing on depression.

Question 28

Schizophrenia

Answer 28

○ Named due to defining characteristics resembling a split between thought, emotion, and behavior.
○ Classification based on shared attributes among individuals exhibiting similar symptoms.