lecture 11 p6: psychological challenges Flashcards
Multi-modal Hallucinations
○ Hallucinations can involve more than one sense simultaneously (multimodal), affecting various sensory perceptions.
○ Auditory hallucinations, for example, can co-occur with visual hallucinations, contributing to a complex perceptual experience
Source Attribution and Misinterpretation
○ Misattribution of the source of sounds contributes to auditory hallucinations.
○ The brain may misinterpret internally generated sounds, leading individuals to believe they are external.
○ This misinterpretation contributes to the hallucination effect
Rare Multimodal Hallucinations
○ Multimodal hallucinations involve more than one sensory perception,
such as auditory and visual hallucinations occurring simultaneously
other types of hallucinations
- olfactory (smell)
- gustatory (taste)
- somatic (internal bodily sensations)
- tactile (touch)
Complexity of Hallucination Interpretation
○ Smell and taste hallucinations can be challenging to differentiate from real environmental stimuli.
○ Sometimes, individuals experiencing hallucinations may find it difficult to locate the source of a smell, making it challenging to confirm if it’s a hallucination
Somatic Hallucinations
○ Somatic hallucinations involve perceptions of bodily sensations.
○ Examples include feeling bugs crawling under the skin or experiencing intense pain, electric shocks, or burning sensations.
○ These sensations occur without any external stimuli or damage to the body.
Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
○ Negative symptoms refer to a decrease or absence of normal functioning or behavior
Echolalia
Repeating words or phrases spoken by others
Poverty of speech (alogia)
Reduced speech capacity or the use of words that may not make sense when strung together, forming a word salad
Restricted Affect
○ Restricted affect, also known as flat or blunted affect, involves a reduced display of emotions.
○ It’s unclear whether individuals with restricted affect experience emotions less or if they face challenges displaying emotions outwardly
Impact on Relationships and Social Withdrawal
○ Individuals with schizophrenia may experience a loss of relationships and interest, leading to social withdrawal.
○ Understanding the impact on themselves and others, coupled with the anticipation of negative social interactions, could contribute to withdrawal
Psychomotor Problems and Catatonia
○ Psychomotor problems, such as tonic immobility, where individuals become unresponsive to the environment, are observed
○ Catatonic rigidity and posturing involve maintaining rigid upright postures for extended periods.
○ Catatonic individuals may not react to stimuli, including loud noises, and can remain silent and motionless for varying durations
Types of Schizophrenia
Type one schizophrenia
Type two schizophrenia
Type one schizophrenia
characterized more by positive symptoms
○ Positive symptoms are linked to good functioning before onset
Type two schizophrenia
characterized more by negative symptoms
○ Negative symptoms are associated with poor cognitive functioning before onset, potentially indicating the forthcoming onset of schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
involve long standing, pervasive patterns of behavior, diverging from cultural expectations and impairing social function
○ They often exhibit self-defeating behaviors and structural instability
Clusters of Personality Disorders:
Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric Cluster)
■ Paranoid Personality Disorder
● Schizoid Personality Disorder
● Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
● Involves pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others, interpreting motives as malevolent.
■ These behaviors typically emerge in early adulthood and persist across various contexts.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
○ Schizoid personality disorder involves a pattern of detachment from social relationships, limited emotional expression, and disinterest in forming close connections.
○ These individuals may not express emotions openly, and their lack of interest in socializing may hinder their functioning in daily life
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
exhibit social and interpersonal deficits, discomfort in close relationships, cognitive distortions, and eccentric behavior.
○ Cognitive perceptual distortions and peculiarities in behavior may be noticeable, and individuals with this disorder may struggle with forming close relationships
Dramatic or Emotional Cluster (Cluster B)
■ Antisocial Personality Disorder
■ Borderline Personality Disorder
■ Histrionic Personality Disorder
■ Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
● Characterized by a disregard for others’ rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, and lack of remorse
Borderline Personality Disorder
● Involves unstable relationships, self-image, and emotions, with impulsive behaviors
Histrionic Personality Disorder
● Individuals seek attention, are overly emotional, and may be uncomfortable when not the center of attention
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
● Features a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
Anxious or Fearful Cluster (Cluster C)
■ Avoidant Personality Disorder
■ Dependent Personality Disorder
■ Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
● Characterized by avoidance of social interactions due to fear of criticism or rejection.
Dependent Personality Disorder
● Involves excessive dependence on others for decision-making, leading to a fear of abandonment
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
● Different from OCD, this disorder involves preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control
