lecture 11 p5: psychological challenges Flashcards
Schizophrenia Overview
○ Schizophrenia is often associated with behaviors perceived as “crazy” or atypical.
○ Historically, it was a catch-all term for strange behaviors, contributing to societal avoidance.
○ People may distance themselves due to unpredictability and perceived danger.
Positive Symptoms Schizophrenia
● Present when something is there that shouldn’t be.
● Examples: Delusions (unfounded beliefs), hallucinations (false perceptions).
Negative Symptoms Schizophrenia
● Absence of something that should be there.
● Examples: Lack of emotional expression, social withdrawal.
types of delusions
■ Persecution
■ Reference
■ Grandeur
■ Control
Persecution
Believing everyone is against you, discriminating, spying, or threatening
Reference
Attaching special meaning to external objects or actions
Grandeur
Believing oneself to be more important, possibly as historical figures
Control
Believing external forces are trying to control thoughts or actions
Persecutory Delusion
■ False beliefs about harm or persecution
Referential Delusions
■ Attaching special meaning to unrelated events or object
Grandiose Delusions
■ An exaggerated sense of self-importance
Control Delusions
■ Believing external forces control thoughts or actions
Psychotic Experience
○ People with psychosis often experience a loss of contact with reality.
○ Unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, and disturbed emotions are common in schizophrenia.
Challenges and Understanding: Psychotic Experience
○ Societal stigma and fear often result from a lack of understanding.
○ Individuals may avoid those with schizophrenia due to unpredictable behavior.
○ Psychosis involves a complex interplay of symptoms, and understanding it is crucial for more informed and compassionate interactions.
Delusions of Control
○ Individuals with schizophrenia may have delusions of being controlled by external forces, such as the government or other entities.
○ These delusions can extend to various aspects of life, like believing COVID vaccines are devices for control
Episodic Nature of Symptoms
○ Schizophrenia symptoms often manifest in late teens to early 20s.
○ Research suggests that brain development, especially in areas like the prefrontal cortex, might contribute to the onset.
○ The exact reasons for this timing are still being explored
Familial and Environmental Factors
○ Genetics may play a role, as schizophrenia is more common in families with a history of the disorder.
○ Environmental factors and traumatic events might contribute, but they are not exclusive triggers
Early Signs and Types
○ Early signs and symptoms may include changes in thinking, social withdrawal, and altered emotional expression.
○ Schizophrenia is categorized into Type I (more positive symptoms) and Type II (more negative symptoms)
Dementia and Schizophrenia
○ Both schizophrenia and dementia involve improper brain functioning.
○ Delusions or hallucinations in dementia can be related to how the brain processes sensory information
Origin of Delusional Ideas
○ Delusional ideas can originate internally or be influenced by external factors.
○ Sometimes, delusions may develop within the individual’s thought process.
○ External influences, like constant false information, can also contribute to delusional beliefs
Nature vs. Nurture: schizophrenia
○ Schizophrenia is a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
○ Nature (genetic) and nurture (environmental) elements both contribute to the development of the disorder
Onset and Brain Function
○ Brain development during late adolescence and early adulthood may contribute to the onset.
○ The intricate balance of neurotransmitters and brain structures can influence the emergence of symptoms
Attentional Issues and Filtering: Schizophrenia
○ Individuals with schizophrenia may struggle to filter out distracting information, similar to attention deficit disorders (ADHD).
○ ADHD involves difficulties in stopping oneself from paying attention to distracting stimuli.
Role of Brain Stimulation: Schizophrenia
ADHD are addressed with medications like Ritalin, designed to stimulate the brain’s focus-related processes.
○ Similarly, individuals with schizophrenia might have attention and focus problems due to challenges in filtering out irrelevant stimuli
Eye Tracking Tasks
○ Eye tracking tasks reveal challenges in individuals with schizophrenia to filter information.
○ Their eyes exhibit unpredictable patterns, unlike typically functioning individuals who show a clear and predictable gaze pattern when observing faces
Affective Responses and Emotional Reactions
○ Individuals with schizophrenia might display strange behaviors and peculiar emotional reactions due to their difficulty filtering out less important information from their environment.
○ In response to bad news, they might laugh hysterically not because they find it funny, but due to an inability to filter out irrelevant stimuli
Hallucinations and Perceptions
○ Hallucinations involve perceptions in the absence of external stimuli.
○ Schizophrenia can lead to various types of hallucinations, including auditory and visual.
Auditory hallucinations
involve hearing sounds or voices, often misattributed to an external source
Visual hallucinations
vague perceptions of colors, lights, or shapes, rather than fully detailed images