lecture 11 p5: psychological challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

Schizophrenia Overview

A

○ Schizophrenia is often associated with behaviors perceived as “crazy” or atypical.
○ Historically, it was a catch-all term for strange behaviors, contributing to societal avoidance.
○ People may distance themselves due to unpredictability and perceived danger.

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2
Q

Positive Symptoms Schizophrenia

A

● Present when something is there that shouldn’t be.
● Examples: Delusions (unfounded beliefs), hallucinations (false perceptions).

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3
Q

Negative Symptoms Schizophrenia

A

● Absence of something that should be there.
● Examples: Lack of emotional expression, social withdrawal.

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4
Q

types of delusions

A

■ Persecution
■ Reference
■ Grandeur
■ Control

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5
Q

Persecution

A

Believing everyone is against you, discriminating, spying, or threatening

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6
Q

Reference

A

Attaching special meaning to external objects or actions

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7
Q

Grandeur

A

Believing oneself to be more important, possibly as historical figures

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8
Q

Control

A

Believing external forces are trying to control thoughts or actions

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9
Q

Persecutory Delusion

A

■ False beliefs about harm or persecution

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10
Q

Referential Delusions

A

■ Attaching special meaning to unrelated events or object

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11
Q

Grandiose Delusions

A

■ An exaggerated sense of self-importance

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12
Q

Control Delusions

A

■ Believing external forces control thoughts or actions

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13
Q

Psychotic Experience

A

○ People with psychosis often experience a loss of contact with reality.
○ Unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, and disturbed emotions are common in schizophrenia.

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14
Q

Challenges and Understanding: Psychotic Experience

A

○ Societal stigma and fear often result from a lack of understanding.
○ Individuals may avoid those with schizophrenia due to unpredictable behavior.
○ Psychosis involves a complex interplay of symptoms, and understanding it is crucial for more informed and compassionate interactions.

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15
Q

Delusions of Control

A

○ Individuals with schizophrenia may have delusions of being controlled by external forces, such as the government or other entities.
○ These delusions can extend to various aspects of life, like believing COVID vaccines are devices for control

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16
Q

Episodic Nature of Symptoms

A

○ Schizophrenia symptoms often manifest in late teens to early 20s.
○ Research suggests that brain development, especially in areas like the prefrontal cortex, might contribute to the onset.
○ The exact reasons for this timing are still being explored

17
Q

Familial and Environmental Factors

A

○ Genetics may play a role, as schizophrenia is more common in families with a history of the disorder.
○ Environmental factors and traumatic events might contribute, but they are not exclusive triggers

18
Q

Early Signs and Types

A

○ Early signs and symptoms may include changes in thinking, social withdrawal, and altered emotional expression.
○ Schizophrenia is categorized into Type I (more positive symptoms) and Type II (more negative symptoms)

19
Q

Dementia and Schizophrenia

A

○ Both schizophrenia and dementia involve improper brain functioning.
○ Delusions or hallucinations in dementia can be related to how the brain processes sensory information

20
Q

Origin of Delusional Ideas

A

○ Delusional ideas can originate internally or be influenced by external factors.
○ Sometimes, delusions may develop within the individual’s thought process.
○ External influences, like constant false information, can also contribute to delusional beliefs

21
Q

Nature vs. Nurture: schizophrenia

A

○ Schizophrenia is a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
○ Nature (genetic) and nurture (environmental) elements both contribute to the development of the disorder

22
Q

Onset and Brain Function

A

○ Brain development during late adolescence and early adulthood may contribute to the onset.
○ The intricate balance of neurotransmitters and brain structures can influence the emergence of symptoms

23
Q

Attentional Issues and Filtering: Schizophrenia

A

○ Individuals with schizophrenia may struggle to filter out distracting information, similar to attention deficit disorders (ADHD).
○ ADHD involves difficulties in stopping oneself from paying attention to distracting stimuli.

24
Q

Role of Brain Stimulation: Schizophrenia

A

ADHD are addressed with medications like Ritalin, designed to stimulate the brain’s focus-related processes.
○ Similarly, individuals with schizophrenia might have attention and focus problems due to challenges in filtering out irrelevant stimuli

25
Q

Eye Tracking Tasks

A

○ Eye tracking tasks reveal challenges in individuals with schizophrenia to filter information.
○ Their eyes exhibit unpredictable patterns, unlike typically functioning individuals who show a clear and predictable gaze pattern when observing faces

26
Q

Affective Responses and Emotional Reactions

A

○ Individuals with schizophrenia might display strange behaviors and peculiar emotional reactions due to their difficulty filtering out less important information from their environment.
○ In response to bad news, they might laugh hysterically not because they find it funny, but due to an inability to filter out irrelevant stimuli

27
Q

Hallucinations and Perceptions

A

○ Hallucinations involve perceptions in the absence of external stimuli.
○ Schizophrenia can lead to various types of hallucinations, including auditory and visual.

28
Q

Auditory hallucinations

A

involve hearing sounds or voices, often misattributed to an external source

29
Q

Visual hallucinations

A

vague perceptions of colors, lights, or shapes, rather than fully detailed images