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Intro To Psychology > Lecture 2: Biological Foundations Of Behaviour > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Biological Foundations Of Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cords

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves that branch out from brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Connects to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Connection to heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and glands

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5
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Readies body resources for emergencies

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6
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Restores body to calm state after emergency

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7
Q

Spinal cord

A

Connection to brain and rest of body

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8
Q

Brain

A

The composition of billions of neurons and “control system” of the entire human body

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9
Q

Forebrain

A
  1. Largest area of brain
  2. The critical thinker
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10
Q

Midbrain

A
  1. Pathway between forebrain and hindbrain
  2. Transmits necessary info for vision and hearing
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11
Q

Hindbrain

A
  1. Memory storage
  2. Unconscious actions (respiratory rhythms, motor activity, sleep)
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12
Q

Thalamus

A

Rely station for sensory info to cerebral cortex

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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  1. Regulates basic biological needs
  2. Controls the 4 F’s
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14
Q

What are the 4 F’s?

A
  1. Feeding
  2. Fighting
  3. Fleeing
  4. Fucking
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15
Q

Limbic system

A

Network of structures involved memory and emotional processing

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16
Q

Cerebrum function

A
  1. Initiates and coordinates movements
  2. Controls temp
  3. Long part brain and include cerebral cortex
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17
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Folded outer layer of cerebrum, increase surface area

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18
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A

Right and left halves of cerebrum

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19
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Bridge of axons, connect left and right hemisphere

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20
Q

What is a Neuron and what is it made of

A
  1. Brain cell that transmits info
  2. Made of dendrites, soma, axon, and axon terminals
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21
Q

Dendrite

A

Branch on cell body that receives info from neighbouring neurons

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22
Q

Soma

A

Cell body of neuron that contains nucleus

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23
Q

Axon

A

Wire-like part of neuron that transmits signals away from cell body

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24
Q

Axon terminals

A

Swellings at tip of an axon that store neurotransmitters

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25
Q

Glial cells

A

Supports cells for neurons, nourish and insulate them

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26
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons that connect brain areas together

27
Q

Grey matter

A

Neural cell bodies

28
Q

Action potential

A

Brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge, travels along the axon

29
Q

Ion channels

A

Open to allow ions to enter or exit a neuron

30
Q

All-or-none law

A

Once action potential starts, doesn’t stop until reaching axon terminals

31
Q

Refractory period

A

Small period after an action potential where a neuron cannot fire again

32
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals released by neurons to transmit signal to other neurons

33
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Increase the likelihood of a neuron firing
(Message continues to pass on to next cell)

34
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Decrease likelihood of a neuron firing

35
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter involved in motor control, memory, attention, and arousal

36
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter involved in pleasure, rewards, movement, and learning

37
Q

Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter involved in mood, eating, arousal, and sleeping

38
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric)

A

Neurotransmitter that produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

39
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter involved in arousal and alertness

40
Q

Endorphins

A
  1. Natural painkillers
  2. Involved in eating behaviour and stress response
41
Q

Endocrine system

A

Series of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream

42
Q

Genes

A

Basic units of heredity, composed of DNA

43
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic blueprint of trait

44
Q

Phenotype

A

Expression of genetic trait that can be observed

45
Q

Allele

A

Different form of same gene

46
Q

Homozygous

A

Inherited same allele on pair of corresponding chromosomes

47
Q

Heterozygous

A

Inherited diff alleles on same corresponding chromosomes

48
Q

Dominant-recessive gene

A

Dominant gene usually expressed more frequently than recessive gene

49
Q

Heterozygous (dominant-recessive)

A

Dominant gene expressed, person remains carrier of recessive gene

50
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Both genes influence the trait

51
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Trait is result of multiple genes interacting

52
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

Gene expression determined by whether it is inherited from mom or dad

53
Q

Passive gene-environment interaction

A

Parents create environment that aligns with genotype

54
Q

Evocative gene-environment interaction

A

Environment reacts to an individual’s traits

55
Q

Active gene-environment interaction

A

Individuals seek out environments that correspond to their traits

56
Q

Reaction range

A

Wide range of potential expression of genetic trait depending on environment opportunities and constraints

57
Q

Canalization

A

Ability of population to produce the same phenotype regardless of environmental or genetic variability

58
Q

Purpose of selective breeding studies

A

Modifying DNA of animals to study influence of heredity on attributes and behaviour

59
Q

Definition of family studies

A

Comparing people who live together and share varying degrees of relatedness

60
Q

Twin design definition

A

Comparing identical and fraternal twins to estimate the influence of genes on behaviour and traits

61
Q

Adoption studies definition

A

Comparing adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents to study the influence of genes and environment

62
Q

Evolutionary explanations

A

Traits acquired through adaptive advantage and natural selection

63
Q

Sexual strategy theory

A

Exploring different approaches to sex and reproduction between men and women

64
Q

Flintstonization of history

A

Tendency to assume that current mate-selection, bonding, marriage, and relations are how they have always been

Intro To Psychology (28 decks)

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