Lecture 8 Block 2

Question 1

what does the adrenal gland do

Answer 1

makes epinephrine in the medullary area

Question 2

what are the effects of epinephrine

Answer 2

increase blood pressure, increasing ventilation rate, increased metabolic rate, glycogenolysis, altered blood flow

Question 3

what does the thyroid gland produce

Answer 3

T3 and T4

Question 4

what do T3 and T4 do

Answer 4

increase metabolic rate increase body temperature and increase synthesis of Na+/K+ ATPase, stimulates growth, and increases SNS activity by beta cell upregulation

Question 5

what is a trophic hormone

Answer 5

a hormone that regulates the function of endocrine cells or glands

Question 6

what cells in the thyroid produce T3 and T4

Answer 6

follicular cells

Question 7

how do follicular cells produce T3 and T4

Answer 7

1. iodide trapping
2. synthesis of TGB
3. oxidation of iodide
4. iodination of tyrosine
5. coupling of T3 and T4
6. pinocytosis and digestion of colloid
7. secretion of thyroid hormones

Question 8

what are the main physiological effector mechanisms

Answer 8

1. control of skin blood flow
2. sweating
3. shivering
4. behavior

Question 9

what does the skin sense

Answer 9

changes in ambient temperature

Question 10

what does the hypothalamus sense

Answer 10

changes in core temperature

Question 11

what are autonomic responses driven by

Answer 11

core temp

Question 12

what are behavioral responses driven by

Answer 12

peripheral temperature

Question 13

what are the response types for vascular resistance

Answer 13

intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 14

what are some intrinsic effects

Answer 14

sympathetic nerve stimulation, some hormones

Question 15

what are some extrinsic effects

Answer 15

decreased pO2, increased pCO2, pH, osmolarity, histamine, prostaglandins

Question 16

what is the brain blood supply mediated by

Answer 16

intrinsic effects, quick responses

Question 17

what is the skin blood supply mediated by

Answer 17

extrinsic effects, sympathetic mediation

Question 18

what is the average skin blood flow

Answer 18

25 mL/min

Question 19

what is cold skin blood flow

Answer 19

1 mL/min

Question 20

what is heat skin blood flow

Answer 20

150 mL/min

Question 21

what receptors are used in the cold

Answer 21

sympathetic adrenergic receptors

Question 22

what receptors are used in the heat

Answer 22

sympathetic cholinergic receptors

Question 23

how is core heat transferred to the surface

Answer 23

via conduction through tissues or convection in blood

Question 24

where are eccrine glands located

Answer 24

on general body surface

Question 25

where are apocrine glands located

Answer 25

armpits and pubis

Question 26

what is primary secretion

Answer 26

not sweat, it is what is first secreted but then undergoes reabsorption of water and salt before it becomes sweat

Question 27

what are sudomotor nerves

Answer 27

sweat gland nerves that use acetylcholine for post and preganglionic neurons

Question 28

what is sudomotor innervation

Answer 28

cholinergic innervation of SNS sweat glands, activates muscarinic Ach receptors, results in sweat

Question 29

what is shivering triggered by

Answer 29

integration of signals in the hypothalamus

Question 30

what are some behavioral changes for thermoregulation

Answer 30

standing in sun/shade or turning on heat or air conditioning