Lecture 7 Block 3

Question 1

where are catecholamines stored

Answer 1

in secretory vesicles

Question 2

how are catecholamines released

Answer 2

through exocytosis

Question 3

what do catecholamines act on

Answer 3

cell membrane receptors

Question 4

what do catecholamines do

Answer 4

activate second messenger systems and modify existing proteins via protein phosphorylation

Question 5

where are thyroid hormones stored

Answer 5

secretory vesicles

Question 6

what do thyroid hormones do

Answer 6

act on nuclear receptors to induce protein synthesis

Question 7

how are steroid hormones released

Answer 7

through simple diffusion

Question 8

what do steroid hormones act on

Answer 8

cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors

Question 9

what do steroid hormones do

Answer 9

gene activation or nongenomic actions

Question 10

when are steroid hormones synthesized

Answer 10

on demand from precurosors

Question 11

where are peptide hormones stored

Answer 11

secretory vesicles

Question 12

how are peptide hormones released

Answer 12

through exocytosis

Question 13

what do peptide hormones do

Answer 13

act on cell membrane receptors, activate second messenger systems resulting in modification of existing proteins and new protein synthesis

Question 14

what do the neurons in the posterior pituitary gland synthesize

Answer 14

vasopressin and oxytocin

Question 15

what type of peptides are vasopressin and oxytocin

Answer 15

neurohormones

Question 16

what is the hypothalamic pituitary portal system

Answer 16

consists of two capillary beds one at the median eminence and the next at the anterior pituitary gland connected by portal vein

Question 17

why is the hypothalamic pituitary portal system special

Answer 17

because capillary beds are typically arranged in parallel not in series

Question 18

what is the physiological reflex

Answer 18

stimulus acts upon the sensor, the sensor produces input signal, which is sent to the integration center. the efferent signal is then secreted into the blood and acts upon target organs to produce a physiological response

Question 19

what is the simple endocrine reflex

Answer 19

the endocrine tissue is the sensor and integrating center: endocrine tissue senses and integrates information about external and internal changes, released hormone to regulate target tissue

Question 20

what is the neuroendocrine reflex

Answer 20

the sensory receptors sense changes, send input signal through sensory nerve to neural integration centers which then releases neural hormones

Question 21

what is the complex neuroendocrine reflex

Answer 21

multiple integration centers in the same pathway with one integration center send out signals to modulate the next